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Raja B
Raja B

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Language for java

#java #raja

Programming Language History

Histroy

1. Based on computer level

Type Meaning Examples Simple idea
Machine language Instructions written as binary 0s and 1s, directly understood by the CPU 10110000... Very fast but extremely hard for humans
Assembly language Uses short codes instead of raw binary; converted to machine code by an assembler MOV, ADD Closer to hardware
High-level language Easier for humans to read and write; translated into machine instructions JavaScript, Python, Java, C, C++ Used for most modern applications

2. Based on programming style

This classification is called a programming paradigm—the style or method used to solve a problem.

Types of Programming language

Language

  • Programming languages are ways to give instructions to a computer...

  • Like human languages (Tamil, English), each programming language has its own rules and syntax...

  • But remember: one language can belong to more than one type—for example, JavaScript supports procedural, object-oriented, and functional styles...

paradigm

1.Procedural programming

In procedural programming, you write a sequence of instructions, usually organized into functions/procedures

function calculateTotal(price, quantity) 
{
  return price * quantity;
}

let total = calculateTotal(100, 3);
console.log(total); // 300
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The computer follows steps: get values → call function → calculate → show result

  • Common examples: C, Pascal, JavaScript, Python

  • Useful for: simple programs, algorithms, step-by-step tasks

  • Think of it as: a cooking recipe with ordered steps

2. Object-oriented programming (OOP)

OOP organizes code using objects. An object combines data (properties) and actions (methods)

const student = {
  name: "Arun",
  marks: 85,

  showResult() {
    console.log(`${this.name} scored ${this.marks}`);
  }
};

student.showResult();
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Here, student is an object. It has data (name, marks) and behavior (showResult).

  • Common examples: Java, C++, C#, JavaScript, Python

  • Main concepts: objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism

  • Useful for: large applications such as e-commerce sites, games, banking apps, and React-style UI modeling

3. Functional programming

Functional programming focuses on functions that take input and return output. It tries to avoid changing existing data unexpectedly

const prices = [100, 200, 300];

const discountedPrices = prices.map(function (price) {
  return price * 0.9;
});

console.log(discountedPrices); // [90, 180, 270]
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  • Common examples: Haskell, Lisp, Scala, JavaScript

  • JavaScript supports functional methods such as map(), filter(), and reduce()

  • Useful for: data transformation and writing predictable code

4. Scripting languages

Scripting languages are commonly used to automate tasks, add interactivity, or control other software

document.querySelector("button").addEventListener("click", function () {
  alert("Button clicked!");
});
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This JavaScript code makes a web page interactive when a user clicks a button

  • Common examples: JavaScript, Python, PHP, Ruby, Bash

  • Useful for: web pages, automation, browser interactions, server-side scripting

  • JavaScript is the main scripting language of the browser

5. Logic programming

In logic programming, you define facts and rules. The language works out the answer based on those rules.

Example idea:
Fact: Ram is a parent of Sita.
Rule: If X is a parent of Y, then Y is a child of X.
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The system can infer: “Sita is a child of Ram.”

  • Main example: Prolog

  • Useful for: rule engines, expert systems, reasoning problems, AI-related logic

  • You describe what is true or what you want, rather than every exact step to perform.

6. Declarative programming

Declarative programming says what result you want, not necessarily every step for producing it.

Example in SQL:
SELECT name FROM students WHERE marks > 80;
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You do not tell the database how to search every row internally. You only declare the result you need.

  • Common examples: SQL, HTML, CSS, Prolog

  • Useful for: databases, web page structure, UI styles

  • HTML describes the content structure; CSS describes how it should look

Compiled vs interpreted

Languages can also be grouped by how the computer runs them.

Type How it runs Examples
Compiled The whole program is translated into machine code before running C, C++, Go, Rust
Interpreted Code is generally executed by an interpreter/runtime while the program runs JavaScript, Python
Hybrid Code is compiled to an intermediate form, then run by a virtual machine/runtime Java, C#
Reference:

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