Software Testing Technique

1. COMMON MANUAL TESTING TECHNIQUES
Manual Testing is a process in software development where testers execute test cases manually without using any automation tools.
There are several types of Manual Testing
1.Black Box Testing - Test the software functionality without the knowledge of internal code structure. Testers only focus on inputs and expected outputs without considering the internal workings of system.
2.White Box Testing - Test the software functionality and knowledge of code. Usually it performed by developers.
3.Grey Box Testing - Grey-box testing combines both black-box and white-box testing. Testers have partial knowledge of the internal code and structure. Testers create test cases focusing on inputs, outputs, and internal processes.
4.Exploratory Testing –Without following a specific test plan, testers can freely test the software.
5.Usability Testing - It tests the software to evaluate whether its user-friendliness and ease of use.
6.Ad-hoc Testing - The goal is to break the application by trying random inputs, actions, or workflows.
7.Functional Testing – Verifies the software performs function correctly according to business requirements.
8.Regression Testing - Regression testing ensures that new changes, such as code modifications, bug fixes, or any feature additions that do not impact the existing functionalities.
9.Acceptance Testing (UAT) - Test the software to determine if it meets the business requirements and expectations.

1. Boundary value testing – It tests the software at the boundaries of input values to identify any defects.
2. Security Testing: This testing will focuses on finding security issues in the code.
3. End-to-End (E2E) Testing: Validates the entire application workflow from start to finish, simulating real-world user scenarios

2.Boundary Value Analysis
• Boundary Value Analysis(BVA) is a software

testing technique used to verify system behavior at the edges or boundaries of input values.
• Every partition have maximum and minimum values and these maximum and minimum values are the boundary values of a partition.
• By doing this BVA testing technique it will get broke so it is important to do before the deployment of code.
Valid Boundary Value - A boundary value for valid Partition
Invalid Boundary Value - A boundary value for invalid Partition
For each variable we have to check :
• Minimum value
• Above Minimum Value
• Nominal value
• Maximum value
• Below maximum value
Example for BVA technique:
Consider Numbers from 10 to 20

Minimum - 1 Min,Min+1,Nominal,Max-1,Max Maximum+1
9 10,11,15,19,20 21

Valid Test Value : 10,11,15,19,20
Invalid test Value : 9,21

3.Desicion Table Testing
Decision table testing is a system testing technique that uses decisions tables to design and execute the test cases and this creating decisions tables that capture various of input condition and corresponding actions or outcomes.
It helps the testers to analyze these decisions tables to derive the test case that cover different scenario based on the condition.
Parts of decision table:
1.Condition Stubs :
It is used to identify the particular action or a set of actions.
2.Action :
All possible conditions are given below the Condition stub.
3.Condition Entries :
In Condition entries part of table, there are multiple rows and columns called Rule
4.Action Entries :
In Action entry, every entry has some action or set of action which is given in lower right portion of the table called Outputs.

  Stubs         Entries

       C1

Condition C2
C3

A1
Action A2
A3
A4

Example : A payment processing system needs to decide whether to complete or decline a transaction based on validity of credit card.
Condition Stub: Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3
Credit Card Valid Yes No Yes
Payment Processed Yes Yes No
Action Stub:

Complete Transaction X X
Decline Transaction Impossible

4. FUTURE OF MANUAL TESTING USING AI

• AI tools with Manual testing, we can create testing process faster, more reliable and delivers high quality software.
• It provides more accurate results and saves time.
• AI tools are revolutionizing four main functions of software testing like test case preparation, test data generation, predicting defects and analyzing results.

1.Test Case Preparation
AI can interpret natural language descriptions using NLP (Natural Language Processing) of testcases and it can automatically translate them into executable test scripts.
2.Test Data generation
AI can create test data that closely resembles real user inputs enhancing the quality of testing.
3.Test Execution
It can facilitate parallel execution across multiple environments, reducing execution time. It eliminates repetitive tests.
4.Debugging
AI can easily identify unusual patterns in application and helps the tester to find potential issues and bugs.
It can also help tester to identify areas where defects are more likely to occur.
It can also analyze system logs to identify the root cause of the defects.