How is data secure over https?

Link: https://blog.joshsoftware.com/2019/08/23/how-is-data-secure-over-https/

Everyone of us have heard that data transferred over HTTPS is secured. As a result we provide our highly confidential information like bank details, credit card details to a website which runs overHTTPS .

Have you ever thought what makes your data secure when transferred over HTTPS ? How HTTPS makes sure that the data cannot be read by any intruder ?