Rowhammer is a hardware flaw in modern RAM where repeatedly accessing one memory row can electrically disturb nearby rows and flip bits (change 0s to 1s or vice versa). Attackers can abuse these bit flips to corrupt critical data structures such as page tables, potentially gaining higher privileges or escaping sandboxes and virtual machines.
Because this starts in the physical design of DRAM, it is hard to fully fix in software, so vendors combine hardware protections like ECC/TRR with OS and cloud mitigations, yet new Rowhammer variants still appear against newer memory like DDR5.
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