This is the second post taken from a WIP project called Learn Go by writing Tests the aim of which is to get a familiarity with Go and learn techniques around TDD
The first post got you up to speed with TDD
Arrays and slices
Arrays allow you to store multiple elements of the same type in a variable in a particular order.
When you have an array, it is very common to have to iterate over them. So let's use our new-found knowledge of for to make a Sum function. Sum will take an array of numbers and return the total.
Let's use our TDD skills
Write the test first
In sum_test.go
func TestSum(t *testing.T) {
numbers := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
got := Sum(numbers)
want := 15
if want != got {
t.Errorf("got %d want %d given, %v", got, want, numbers)
}
}
Arrays have a fixed capacity which you define when you declare the variable. It is sometimes useful to also print the inputs to the function in the error message and we are using the %v placeholder which is the "default" format, which works well for arrays.
Read more about the format strings
Try and run the test
By running go test the compiler will fail with ./sum_test.go:10:15: undefined: Sum
Write the minimal amount of code for the test to run and check the failing test output
In sum.go
func Sum(numbers [5]int) (sum int) {
return
}
Your test should now fail with a clear error message
sum_test.go:13: got 0 want 15 given, [1 2 3 4 5]
Write enough code to make it pass
func Sum(numbers [5]int) (sum int) {
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
sum += numbers[i]
}
return
}
To get the value out of an array at a particular index, just use array[index] syntax. In this case we are using for to iterate 5 times to work through the array and add each item onto sum
A note on source control
At this point if you are using source control (which you should!) I would commit the code as it is. We have working software backed by a test.
I wouldn't push to master though, because I plan to refactor next. It is nice to commit at this point in case you somehow get into a mess with refactoring - you can always go back to the working version.
Refactor
Let's introduce range to help clean up our code
func Sum(numbers [5]int) (sum int) {
for _, number := range numbers {
sum += number
}
return
}
range lets you iterate over an array. Every time it is called it returns two values, the index and the value. We are choosing to ignore the index value by using _
Back to source control
Now we are happy with the code I would amend the previous commit so we only check in the lovely version of our code with its test.
Arrays and their type
An interesting property of arrays is the size is encoded in its type. If you try and pass an [4]int into a function that expects [5]int, it won't compile. They are different types so it's just the same as trying to pass a string into a function that wants an int.
You may be thinking it's quite cumbersome that arrays are fixed length and most of the time you probably won't be using them!
Go has slices which do not encode the size of the collection and instead can have any size.
The next requirement will be to sum collections of varying sizes.
Write the test first
We will now use the slice type which allows us to have collections of any size. The syntax is very similar to arrays, you just omit the size when declaring them
mySlice := []int{1,2,3} rather than mySlice := [3]int{1,2,3}
func TestSum(t *testing.T) {
t.Run("collection of 5 numbers", func(t *testing.T) {
numbers := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
got := Sum(numbers)
want := 15
if got != want {
t.Errorf("got %d want %d given, %v", got, want, numbers)
}
})
t.Run("collection of any size", func(t *testing.T) {
numbers := []int{1, 2, 3}
got := Sum(numbers)
want := 6
if got != want {
t.Errorf("got %d want %d given, %v", got, want, numbers)
}
})
}
Try and run the test
This does not compile
./sum_test.go:22:13: cannot use numbers (type []int) as type [5]int in argument to Sum
Write the minimal amount of code for the test to run and check the failing test output
The problem here is we can either
- Break the existing API by changing the argument to
Sumto be a slice rather than an array. When we do this we will know we have potentially ruined someone's day because our other test will not compile! - Create a new function
In our case, no-one else is using our function so rather than having two functions to maintain let's just have one.
func Sum(numbers []int) (sum int) {
for _, number := range numbers {
sum += number
}
return
}
If you try and run the tests they will still not compile, you will have to change the first test to pass in a slice rather than an array.
Write enough code to make it pass
It turns out that fixing the compiler problems were all we need to do here and the tests pass!
Refactor
We had already refactored Sum and all we've done is change from arrays to slices, so there's not a lot to do here. Remember that we must not neglect our test code in the refactoring stage and we have some to do here.
func TestSum(t *testing.T) {
t.Run("collection of 5 numbers", func(t *testing.T) {
numbers := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
got := Sum(numbers)
want := 15
if got != want {
t.Errorf("got %d want %d given, %v", got, want, numbers)
}
})
t.Run("collection of any size", func(t *testing.T) {
numbers := []int{1, 2, 3}
got := Sum(numbers)
want := 6
if got != want {
t.Errorf("got %d want %d given, %v", got, want, numbers)
}
})
}
It is important to question the value of your tests. It should not be a goal to have as many tests as possible, but rather to have as much confidence as possible in your code base. Having too many tests can turn in to a real problem and it just adds more overhead in maintenance. Every test has a cost.
In our case, you can see that having two tests for this function is redundant. If it works for a slice of one size it's very likely it'll work for a slice of any size (within reason).
Go's built-in testing toolkit features a coverage tool, which can help identify areas of your code you have not covered. I do want to stress that having 100% coverage should not be your goal, it's just a tool to give you an idea of your coverage. If you have been strict with TDD it's quite likely you'll have close to 100% coverage anyway.
Try running
go test -cover
You should see
PASS
coverage: 100.0% of statements
Now delete one of the tests and check the coverage again.
Now that we are happy we have a well tested function you should commit your great work before taking on the next challenge.
We need a few function called SumAll which will take a varying number of slices, returning a new slice containing the totals for each slice pass in.
For example
SumAll([]int{1,2}, []int{0,9}) would return []int{3, 9}
or
SumAll([]int{1,1,1}) would return []int{3}
Write the test first
func TestSumAll(t *testing.T) {
got := SumAll([]int{1,2}, []int{0,9})
want := []int{3, 9}
if got != want {
t.Errorf("got %v want %v", got, want)
}
}
Try and run the test
./sum_test.go:23:9: undefined: SumAll
Write the minimal amount of code for the test to run and check the failing test output
We need to define SumAll according to what our test wants.
Go can let you write variadic functions that can take a variable number of arguments.
func SumAll(numbersToSum ...[]int) (sums []int) {
return
}
Try and compile but our tests still don't compile!
./sum_test.go:26:9: invalid operation: got != want (slice can only be compared to nil)
Go does not let you use equality operators with slices. You could write a function to iterate over each got and want slice and check their values but for convenience sake we can use reflect.DeepEqual which is useful for seeing if any two variables are the same.
func TestSumAll(t *testing.T) {
got := SumAll([]int{1,2}, []int{0,9})
want := []int{3, 9}
if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
t.Errorf("got %v want %v", got, want)
}
}
(make sure you import reflect in the top of your file to have access to DeepEqual)
It's important to note that reflect.DeepEqual is not "type safe", the code will compile even if you did something a bit silly. To see this in action, temporarily change the test to:
func TestSumAll(t *testing.T) {
got := SumAll([]int{1,2}, []int{0,9})
want := "bob"
if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
t.Errorf("got %v want %v", got, want)
}
}
What we have done here is try to compare a slice with a string. Which makes no sense, but the test compiles! So while using reflect.DeepEqual is a convenient way of comparing slices (and other things) you must be careful when using it.
Change the test back again and run it, you should have test output looking like this
sum_test.go:30: got [] want [3 9]
Write enough code to make it pass
What we need to do is iterate over the varargs, calculate the sum using our Sum function from before and then add it to the slice we will return
func SumAll(numbersToSum ...[]int) (sums []int) {
lengthOfNumbers := len(numbersToSum)
sums = make([]int, lengthOfNumbers)
for i, numbers := range numbersToSum {
sums[i] = Sum(numbers)
}
return
}
Lots of new things to learn!
There's a new way to create a slice. make allows you to create a slice with a starting capacity of the len of the numbersToSum we need to work through.
You can index slices like arrays with mySlice[N] to get the value out or assign it a new value with =
The tests should now pass
Refactor
As mentioned, slices have a capacity. If you have a slice with a capacity of 2 and try and do mySlice[10] = 1 you will get a runtime error.
However you can use the append function which takes a slice and a new value, returning a new slice with all the items in it.
func SumAll(numbersToSum ...[]int) (sums []int) {
for _, numbers := range numbersToSum {
sums = append(sums, Sum(numbers))
}
return
}
In this implementation we are worrying less about capacity. We start with an empty slice (defined in the function signature) and append to it the result of Sum as we work through the varargs.
Our next requirement is to change SumAll to SumAllTails, where it now calculates the totals of the "tails" of each slice. The tail of a collection is all the items apart from the first one (the "head")
Write the test first
func TestSumAllTails(t *testing.T) {
got := SumAllTails([]int{1,2}, []int{0,9})
want := []int{2, 9}
if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
t.Errorf("got %v want %v", got, want)
}
}
Try and run the test
./sum_test.go:26:9: undefined: SumAllTails
Write the minimal amount of code for the test to run and check the failing test output
Rename the function to SumAllTails and re-run the test
sum_test.go:30: got [3 9] want [2 9]
Write enough code to make it pass
func SumAllTails(numbersToSum ...[]int) (sums []int) {
for _, numbers := range numbersToSum {
tail := numbers[1:]
sums = append(sums, Sum(tail))
}
return
}
Slices can be sliced! The syntax is slice[low:high] If you omit the value on one of the sides of the : it captures everything to the side of it. In our case we are saying take from 1 to the end with numbers[1:]. You might want to invest some time writing other tests around slices and experimenting with the slice operator so you can be familiar with it.
Refactor
Not a lot to refactor this time.
What do you think would happen if you passed in an empty array into our function? What is the "tail" of an empty array? What happens when you tell go to capture all elements from myEmptySlice[1:]. ?
Write the test first
func TestSumAllTails(t *testing.T) {
t.Run("make the sums of some slices", func(t *testing.T) {
got := SumAllTails([]int{1,2}, []int{0,9})
want := []int{2, 9}
if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
t.Errorf("got %v want %v", got, want)
}
})
t.Run("safely sum empty slices", func(t *testing.T) {
got := SumAllTails([]int{}, []int{3, 4, 5})
want :=[]int{0, 9}
if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
t.Errorf("got %v want %v", got, want)
}
})
}
Try and run the test
panic: runtime error: slice bounds out of range [recovered]
panic: runtime error: slice bounds out of range
Oh no! It's important to note the test has compiled, it is a runtime error. Compile time errors are our friend because they help us write software that works, runtime errors are our enemies because they affect our users.
Write enough code to make it pass
func SumAllTails(numbersToSum ...[]int) (sums []int) {
for _, numbers := range numbersToSum {
if len(numbers) == 0 {
sums = append(sums, 0)
} else {
tail := numbers[1:]
sums = append(sums, Sum(tail))
}
}
return
}
Refactor
Our tests have some repeated code around assertion again, let's extract that into a function
func TestSumAllTails(t *testing.T) {
checkSums := func(t *testing.T, got, want []int) {
if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
t.Errorf("got %v want %v", got, want)
}
}
t.Run("make the sums of tails of", func(t *testing.T) {
got := SumAllTails([]int{1, 2}, []int{0, 9})
want := []int{2, 9}
checkSums(t, got, want)
})
t.Run("safely sum empty slices", func(t *testing.T) {
got := SumAllTails([]int{}, []int{3, 4, 5})
want := []int{0, 9}
checkSums(t, got, want)
})
}
A handy side-effect of this is this adds a little type-safety to our code. If a silly developer adds a new test with checkSums(t, got, "dave") the compiler will stop them in their tracks.
Wrapping up
We have covered
- Arrays
- Slices
- The various ways to make them
- How they have a fixed capacity but you can create new slices from old ones using
append - How to slice, slices!
-
lento get the length of an array or slice - Test coverage tool
-
reflect.DeepEqualand why it's useful but can reduce the type-safety of your code
We've used slices and arrays with integers but they work with any other type too, including arrays/slices themselves. So you can declare a variable of [][]string if you need to.
Check out the Go blog post on slices for an in-depth look into slices. Try writing more tests to demonstrate what you learn from reading it.
Another handy way to experiment with Go other than writing tests is the Go playground. You can try most things out and you can easily share your code if you need to ask questions. I have made a go playground with a slice in it for you to experiment with
Top comments (1)
Great article!
I think that using TDD to learn a language, especially one so clean and simple like Go is a fantastic idea. Wish I had seen this article at the very start of my go journey.
It's unfortunate that the vscode-golang-tdd extension doesn't seem to be working right now, as that would be another great thing to introduce...
github.com/joaodias/vscode-golang-tdd