Software Testing

1.Common Manual Testing Techniques:
Manual testing is a process in which software is manually tested to find errors or bugs. In this testing is done manually to detect the errors. The tester tests the predefined test cases. It may have some human errors . Some of the common Manual Testing Techniques are

1.Unit Testing:

      Unit testing is a testing in which each individual part or function  of code is tested. In this testing errors can be detected at the early stage and so we can fix it at the early time. It tests unit by unit so errors can be found easily .
   Example: E-Commerce website- Each and every single functions are tested like login, signup, cart page, amount transaction etc..

2:Integration Testing:

        Integration is nothing but combination of two or more things. Integration testing is a process in which different unit or modules are combined and tested together. It checks whether there is an error in connection between two interface modules. 
    Example: E-commerce website- when we click any option like add to cart it must redirect to the respective page.

3.System Testing:

         System testing is done on completed software. Its a end to end testing in which every part of the application is tested. It tests whether it satisfies user requirements .
     Example: Bus booking- Every options are checked whether its accessible by user

4.User Acceptance Testing:

         Its a final testing which is given to user to test whether it meet their requirements for suggestions , feedback and final launch of the application.

Alpha Testing- Its given to particular users , business professionals before its given to to actual users to check for the final output.
Beta Testing - Its given to actual users for verification and get their feedback.

5.White Box Testing:

         Testing is done line by line by Developers . In this testing developer knows the internal structure of code. Its also known as transparent box testing because internal structure of code will be known. Tester need not have deep knowledge of code.

6.Black Box Testing:

         Black Box Testing is performed by Testers. Its a end to end testing where tester need not know the internal structure of code. Tester checks whether it satisfies user requirements by giving required input. Black box Testing is also known as Opaque Box Testing because internal structure of code will not be known.

7.Gray Box Testing:

          Its a combination of both White Box and Black Box Testing. Both Tester and Developer perform Gray Box Testing. Gray Box Testing is also known as Translucent Box Testing because internal structure is partially known. 

2.Boundary Value Analysis:
Boundary Value is a test case design technique which is used to test the boundaries between the partition. Test cases are used to perform test at boundaries. In boundaries there will be some defects than in the middle of partition so the testing is done at boundaries. In boundaries we will check
1.min 4.max
2.min-1 5.max-1
3.min+1 6.max+1
Example: Enter value between 20-50
minimum value = 20
maximum value = 50
valid data = 20,21,49,50
invalid data = 19,51

** 3.Decision Table Testing:**
Its a tabular representation where combination of inputs are given to get the desired output. It can be used for complex and multiple condition inputs. The table is in the form of 2^n. The main goal is we can solve complex problem or conditions in simple way using these tables. Its also called cause-effect table.

For Example we can take sign up page containing mail id and password table can be created if mail id and password are correct (TRUE) it will be redirected to home page . If its invalid (FALSE) error message must be displayed.

TC- TEST CASE

** 4.The Future of Manual Testing in the age of AI:**
In Todays world AI(Artificial Intelligence) is replacing everything in order to save time. The future of Manual testing can be enhanced by gaining knowledge , updating skills and knowing some AI tools to survive in this real world. Even though many tools are replaced by AI it needs a manpower to handle. Testers can solve problem effectively and produce quality product to end user. AI can be integrated with manual testing to get quality product and complex tasks can be made simple. If AI is used we need not manually write test cases instead AI tools can be used. AI cannot totally replace Manual testing because testers understand user experience from human perspective. In future AI will be helpful in solving queries , time consumption, human errors , manually written test cases etc.. when AI and manual testers work together the product can be given to user at the earliest time. AI can create test cases , setting up test environment, provide test results, detect defects, improving accuracy, speedup testing process, provide quality product, reduce time consumption, cost effective etc..