Python is ranked #1 in the PYPL index. It is considered the simplest language ever made because of its code readability and simpler syntax. It also has the ability to express the concepts in fewer lines of code.
The richness of various AI and machine learning libraries such as NumPy, pandas, and TensorFlow treats python as one of the core requirements. If you are a data scientist or beginner in AI/machine learning then python is the right choice to start your journey.
Getting Started
In this section, we are trying to explore some of the basics of python programming.
Data Types
The data type is a specification of data that can be stored in a variable. It is helpful for the interpreter to make a memory allocation for the variable based on its type.
In python, everything is treated as classes and objects. So, data types are the classes and variables are their objects.
These are the various data types in python,
Variables
Variables are reserved memory locations to store values. We can think of it as a location for storing our data. Variable name is a unique string used to identify the memory location in our program.
There are some rules defined for creating a variable in our program. It is defined as follows,
- Variable name should be only one word and nor begin with a number.
- Variable name contains only letters, numbers, and underscore (_) character (white spaces are not allowed and considered as two variables).
- Variable name starting with an underscore (_) are considered as unuseful and should not be used again in the code.
var1 = 'Hello World'
var2 = 16
_unuseful = 'Single use variables'
Lists
List is a mutable ordered collection of items like dynamically sized arrays. It may not be homogeneous and we can create a single list with different data types like integers, strings and objects.
>>> companies = ["apple","google","tcs","accenture"]
>>> print(companies)
['apple', 'google', 'tcs', 'accenture']
>>> companies.append("infosys")
>>> print(companies)
['apple', 'google', 'tcs', 'accenture', 'infosys']
>>> print(len(companies))
5
>>> print(companies[2])
tcs
>>> print(companies[-2])
accenture
>>> print(companies[1:])
['google', 'tcs', 'accenture', 'infosys']
>>> print(companies[:1])
['apple']
>>> print(companies[1:3])
['google', 'tcs']
>>> companies.remove("infosys")
>>> print(companies)
["apple","google","tcs","accenture"]
>>> companies.pop()
>>> print(companies)
["apple","google","tcs"]
Sets
Set is an unordered collection of elements without any repetition. It is quite useful for removing duplicate entries from a list effortlessly. It also supports various mathematical operations like union, intersection and difference.
>>> set1 = {1,2,3,7,8,9,3,8,1}
>>> print(set1)
{1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9}
>>> set1.add(5)
>>> set1.remove(9)
>>> print(set1)
{1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8}
>>> set2 = {1,2,6,4,2}
>>> print(set2)
{1, 2, 4, 6}
>>> print(set1.union(set2)) # set1 | set2
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
>>> print(set1.intersection(set2)) # set1 & set2
{1, 2}
>>> print(set1.difference(set2)) # set1 - set2
{8, 3, 5, 7}
>>> print(set2.difference(set1)) # set2 - set1
{4, 6}
Dictionaries
Dictionary is a mutable unordered collection of items as key value pairs. Unlike other data types, it holds data in a key:value pair format instead of storing a single data. This feature makes it as a best data structure to map the json responses.
>>> # example 1
>>> user = { 'username': 'Vishnu Sivan', 'age': 27, 'mail_id': 'codemaker2015@gmail.com', 'phone': '9961907453' }
>>> print(user)
{'mail_id': 'codemaker2015@gmail.com', 'age': 27, 'username': 'Vishnu Sivan', 'phone': '9961907453'}
>>> print(user['age'])
27
>>> for key in user.keys():
>>> print(key)mail_id
age
username
phone
>>> for value in user.values():
>>> print(value)codemaker2015@gmail.com
27
Vishnu Sivan
9961907453
>>> for item in user.items():
>>> print(item)
('mail_id', 'codemaker2015@gmail.com')
('age', 27)
('username', 'Vishnu Sivan')
('phone', '9961907453')
>>> # example 2
>>> user = {
>>> 'username': "Vishnu Sivan",
>>> 'social_media': [
>>> {
>>> 'name': "Linkedin",
>>> 'url': "https://www.linkedin.com/in/codemaker2015"
>>> },
>>> {
>>> 'name': "Github",
>>> 'url': "https://github.com/codemaker2015"
>>> },
>>> {
>>> 'name': "Medium",
>>> 'url': "https://codemaker2015.medium.com"
>>> }
>>> ],
>>> 'contact': [
>>> {
>>> 'mail': [
>>> "mail.vishnu.sivan@gmail.com",
>>> "codemaker2015@gmail.com"
>>> ],
>>> 'phone': "9961907453"
>>> }
>>> ]
>>> }
>>> print(user)
{'username': 'Vishnu Sivan', 'social_media': [{'url': 'https://www.linkedin.com/in/codemaker2015', 'name': 'Linkedin'}, {'url': 'https://github.com/codemaker2015', 'name': 'Github'}, {'url': 'https://codemaker2015.medium.com', 'name': 'Medium'}], 'contact': [{'phone': '9961907453', 'mail': ['mail.vishnu.sivan@gmail.com', 'codemaker2015@gmail.com']}]}
>>> print(user['social_media'][0]['url'])
https://www.linkedin.com/in/codemaker2015
>>> print(user['contact'])
[{'phone': '9961907453', 'mail': ['mail.vishnu.sivan@gmail.com', 'codemaker2015@gmail.com']}]
Comments
- Single-Line Comments — Starts with a hash character (#), followed by the message and terminated by the end of the line.
# defining the age of the user
age = 27
dob = ‘16/12/1994’ # defining the date of birth of the user
- Multi-Line Comments — Enclosed in special quotation marks (“””) and inside that you can put your messages in multi lines.
"""
Python cheatsheet for beginners
This is a multi line comment
"""
Basic Functions
- print() The print() function prints the provided message in the console. Also, user can provide file or buffer input as the argument to print on the screen.
print(object(s), sep=separator, end=end, file=file, flush=flush)
print("Hello World") # prints Hello World
print("Hello", "World") # prints Hello World?
x = ("AA", "BB", "CC")
print(x) # prints ('AA', 'BB', 'CC')
print("Hello", "World", sep="---") # prints Hello---World
-
input()
The
input()function is used to collect the user input from the console. Note that, theinput()converts whatever you enter as input it into a string. So, if you provide your age as an integer value but the input() method return it as a string and developer needs to convert it as a integer manually.
>>> name = input("Enter your name: ")
Enter your name: Codemaker
>>> print("Hello", name)
Hello Codemaker
- len() Provides the length of the object. If you put string then gets the number of characters in the specified string.
>>> str1 = "Hello World"
>>> print("The length of the string is ", len(str1))
The length of the string is 11
- str() Used to convert other data types to string values.
str(object, encoding=’utf-8', errors=’strict’)
>>> str(123)
123
>>> str(3.14)
3.14
int()
Used to convert string to an integer.
>>> int("123")
123
>>> int(3.14)
3
Conditional statements
Conditional statements are the block of codes used to change the flow of the program based of specific conditions. These statements are executed only when the specific conditions are met.
In Python, we use if, if-else, loops (for, while) as the condition statements to change the flow of the program based on some conditions.
- if else statement
>>> num = 5
>>> if (num > 0):
>>> print("Positive integer")
>>> else:
>>> print("Negative integer")
- elif statement
>>> name = 'admin'
>>> if name == 'User1':
>>> print('Only read access')
>>> elif name == 'admin':
>>> print('Having read and write access')
>>> else:
>>> print('Invalid user')
Having read and write access
Loop statements
Loop is a conditional statement used to repeat some statements (in its body) until a certain condition is met.
In Python, we commonly use for and while loops.
- for loop
>>> # loop through a list
>>> companies = ["apple", "google", "tcs"]
>>> for x in companies:
>>> print(x)
apple
google
tcs
>>> # loop through string
>>> for x in "TCS":
>>> print(x)
T
C
S
The range() function returns a sequence of numbers and it can be used as a for loop control. It basically takes three arguments where second and third are optional. The arguments are start value, stop value, and a step count. Step count is the increment value of the loop variable for each iteration.
>>> # loop with range() function
>>> for x in range(5):
>>> print(x)
0
1
2
3
4
>>> for x in range(2, 5):
>>> print(x)
2
3
4
>>> for x in range(2, 10, 3):
>>> print(x)
2
5
8
We can also execute some statements when the loop is finished using the else keyword. Provide else statement in the end of the loop with the statement needs to be executed when the loop is finished.
>>> for x in range(5):
>>> print(x)
>>> else:
>>> print("finished")
0
1
2
3
4
finished
- while loop
>>> count = 0
>>> while (count < 5):
>>> print(count)
>>> count = count + 1
0
1
2
3
4
We can use else in the end of the while loop similar to the for loop to execute some statements when the condition becomes false.
>>> count = 0
>>> while (count < 5):
>>> print(count)
>>> count = count + 1
>>> else:
>>> print("Count is greater than 4")
0
1
2
3
4
Count is greater than 4
Functions
A function is a block of reusable code that is used to perform a task. It is quite useful to implement modularity in the code and make the code reusable.
>>> # This prints a passed string into this function
>>> def display(str):
>>> print(str)
>>> return
>>> display("Hello World")
Hello World
Exception Handling
Even though a statement is syntactically correct, it may cause an error while executing it. These type of errors are called Exceptions. We can use the exception handling mechanisms to avoid such kinds of issues.
In Python, we use try, except and finally keywords to implement exception handling in our code.
>>> def divider(num1, num2):
>>> try:
>>> return num1 / num2
>>> except ZeroDivisionError as e:
>>> print('Error: Invalid argument: {}'.format(e))
>>> finally:
>>> print("finished")
>>>
>>> print(divider(2,1))
>>> print(divider(2,0))
finished
2.0
Error: Invalid argument: division by zero
finished
None
String manipulations
A string is a collection of characters enclosed with double or triple quotes (“,’’’) . We can perform various operations on the string like concatenation, slice, trim, reverse, case change and formatting using the built in methods like split(), lower(), upper(), endswith(), join() , ljust(), rjust() and format().
>>> msg = 'Hello World'
>>> print(msg)
Hello World
>>> print(msg[1])
e
>>> print(msg[-1])
d
>>> print(msg[:1])
H
>>> print(msg[1:])
ello World
>>> print(msg[:-1])
Hello Worl
>>> print(msg[::-1])
dlroW olleH
>>> print(msg[1:5])
ello
>>> print(msg.upper())
HELLO WORLD
>>> print(msg.lower())
hello world
>>> print(msg.startswith('Hello'))
True
>>> print(msg.endswith('World'))
True
>>> print(', '.join(['Hello', 'World', '2021']))
Hello, World, 2021
>>> print(' '.join(['Hello', 'World', '2021']))
Hello World 2021
>>> print("Hello World 2021".split())
['Hello', 'World', '2021']
>>> print("Hello World 2021".rjust(25, '-'))
---------Hello World 2021
>>> print("Hello World 2021".ljust(25, '*'))
Hello World 2021*********
>>> print("Hello World 2021".center(25, '#'))
#####Hello World 2021####
>>> name = "Codemaker"
>>> print("Hello %s" % name)
Hello Codemaker
>>> print("Hello {}".format(name))
Hello Codemaker
>>> print("Hello {0}{1}".format(name, "2025"))
Hello Codemaker2025
Regular Expressions
- Import the
regexmodule withimport re. - Create a Regex object with the
re.compile()function. - Pass the search string into the
search()method. - Call the
group()method to return the matched text.
>>> import re
>>> phone_num_regex = re.compile(r'\d\d\d-\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d')
>>> mob = phone_num_regex.search('My number is 996-190-7453.')
>>> print('Phone number found: {}'.format(mob.group()))
Phone number found: 996-190-7453
>>> phone_num_regex = re.compile(r'^\d+$')
>>> is_valid = phone_num_regex.search('+919961907453.') is None
>>> print(is_valid)
True
>>> at_regex = re.compile(r'.at')
>>> strs = at_regex.findall('The cat in the hat sat on the mat.')
>>> print(strs)
['cat', 'hat', 'sat', 'mat']
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Originally posted on Medium -
Python cheatsheet for beginners
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