How the filter array method works under the hood

Have you ever wondered how the filter function works in JavaScript? I recently came accross that problem. After a few days of procrastination and fear, and reading the documentation and articles (one here on this platform), I can say I finally have a grasp of how it works under the hood.

Array.prototype.myFilter = function (callbackFn, thisArg) {
  // Check if the callback is a function; if not, throw a TypeError.
  if (typeof callbackFn !== "function") {
    throw new TypeError("This is not a function");
  }

  // This is the backbone of the filter function.
  // 'this' refers to the value that called 'myFilter'.
  // Object(this) ensures 'this' is always treated as an object.
  const O = Object(this);

  // Get the length of the array-like object.
  // The `>>> 0` coercion forces the length into a sane, non-negative
  // 32-bit unsigned integer, even if the real value is malformed.
  const len = O.length >>> 0;

  // Initialize an empty array that values passing the test will be appended to.
  let result = [];

  // Two separate indexes: k tracks position in the original array,
  // N tracks position in the result array. Filter skips holes in sparse
  // arrays, so without two separate counters, the result could end up
  // with gaps instead of being densely packed.
  let k = 0; // current index in the original array
  let N = 0; // next index to write to in the result array

  while (k < len) {
    // Check if a property exists at index k. Using `in` (rather than
    // Object.hasOwn) is deliberate — it also checks the prototype chain,
    // matching the spec's HasProperty behavior exactly.
    if (k in O) {
      let kValue = O[k];

      // Run the test, coercing the result to a real boolean.
      const testPassed = Boolean(callbackFn.call(thisArg, kValue, k, O));

      if (testPassed) {
        result[N] = kValue;
        N++;
      }
    }
    k++; // always advance k, whether or not the value existed or passed
  }

  return result; // the new array containing only the elements that passed the test
};

For an in-depth explanation, please refer to this article by Priya Khanna