INTRODUCTION
A Bash shell script, often known as a shell script or just a shell, is a text file that contains a series of commands written in the Bash (Bourne Again Shell) scripting language.
Operators are special symbols or characters used in Bash scripting to carry out various operations on values and variables; these operators are frequently employed with commands to carry out numerous operations, comparisons, and conditional checks.
This article is for beginners who are interested in learning the definition of bash operators and how to use them with Linux commands.
Note: You should have prior knowledge of Shebang and the importance of including them in the script.
You should also have knowledge of Linux permissions.
KNOW YOUR BASH OPERATORS
There are different categories of bash operators but for the purpose of this article we will focus on four:
Arithmetic Operators
Relational or Comparison Operators
Boolean or Logical Operators
FileTest Operators
Arithmetic Operators
These operators are used to perform mathematical operations. The following is a list of the seven bash arithmetic operators:
For the purpose of the explanation of these operators, two variables would be used:
num1=20
num2=5
Addition +: This operator is used to add two operands or concatenate two strings and returns the result of that operation.
echo $(( num1 + num2 ))
echo $(( 20 + 5 ))
echo $(( 25 ))
output: 25
Subtraction-: This operator is used to subtract one operand from the other and returns the result of that operation.
echo $(( num1 - num2 ))
echo $(( 20 - 5 ))
echo $(( 15 ))
output: 15
Multiplication*: This operator is used to multiply two operands and returns the result of that operation.
echo $(( num1 * num2 ))
echo $(( 20 * 5 ))
echo $(( 100 ))
output: 100
Division/: This operator is used to divide two operands and returns only the integer part.
echo $(( num1 / num2 ))
echo $(( 20 / 5 ))
echo $(( 4 ))
output: 4
Modulus %: This operator is used to divide two operands and returns only the remainder part.
echo $(( num1 % num2 ))
echo $(( 20 % 5 ))
echo $(( 0 ))
output: 0
Increment++: This is a unary operator used to increase the operand by one.
Using the same example, we introduce another variable:
sum=$num1+$num2
echo $(( ++sum ))
output: 26
Decrement--: This is a unary operator used to decrease the operand by one.
Using the same example, we introduce another variable
sum=$num1*$num2
echo $(( --sum ))
output: 99
**An alternative way to use arithmetic operators is to use the expr command. **This command is only used for integer values. This means that this command will not work with float numbers. This method will give the same output as the method above.
echo $( expr $num1 + $num2 )
echo $( expr $num1 - $num2 )
echo $( expr $num1 / $num2 )
echo $( expr $num1 \* $num2)
This is because * without \ will produce a syntax error.
Relational Operators
These operators specify the relationship between two operands. Depending on the relationship, they either yield true or false. These operators are:
*Equal to *(==) or (-eq): It returns true if the two operands are equal otherwise returns false.
var1=40
var2=40
if (( $var1 == $var2 ))
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
output: True
Another example:
var1='banana'
var2='banana'
if [[ "$var1" -eq "$var2" ]]
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
output: True
*Not Equal to *(!=) or (-ne): It returns true if the two operands are not equal, otherwise it returns false.
var1=40
var2=20
if [[ "$var1" -ne "$var2" ]]
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
Another way to write this is:
if (( "$var1" != "$var2" ))
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
output: True
*Less than *(<) or (le): The operator returns true if the first operand is less than the second operand otherwise returns false.
var1=40
var2=20
if [[ "$var1" -lt "$var2" ]]
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
Another way to write this is:
if (( "$var1" < "$var2" ))
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
output: False
Greater than (>) or (-gt): It returns true if the first operand is greater than the second operand, otherwise it will return false
var1=40
var2=20
if [[ "$var1" -gt "$var2" ]]
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
Another way to write this is:
if (( "$var1" > "$var2" ))
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
output: True
Less or equal to(<=) or (-le): This operator returns true if the first operand is less than or equal to the second operand otherwise returns false.
var1=40
var2=20
if [[ "$var1" -le "$var2" ]]
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
Another way to write this is:
if (( "$var1" <= "$var2" ))
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
output: False
Greater or equal to (<=) or (-ge): This operator returns true if the first operand is less than or equal to the second operand otherwise returns false.
var1=40
var2=20
if [[ "$var1" -ge "$var2" ]]
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
Another way to write this is:
if (( "$var1" >= "$var2" ))
then
echo True
else
echo False
fi
output: True
Boolean Operators
These operators are used for comparing two values or expressions, if they are true then it will return True else False.
Logical And(&&): This operator returns true if both the operands are true otherwise returns false.
var=40
if [ "$var" -gt 20 -a "$var" -lt 60 ]
then
echo true
else
echo false
fi
Alternatively, it can be written in the following ways:
if ["$var" -gt 20] && ["$var" -lt 60]
then
echo true
else
echo false
fi
or this way;
if [[ "$var" -gt 20 && "$var" -lt 60 ]]
then
echo true
else
echo false
fi
output: True
Logical Or(||): This operator returns true if either of the operands is true or both the operands are true and returns false if none of them is false.
var=40
if [ "$var" -gt 60 -o "$var" -lt 50 ]
then
echo true
else
echo false
fi
Alternatively, it can be written in the following ways:
if [ "$var" -gt 60 ] || [ "$var" -lt 50 ]
then
echo true
else
echo false
fi
or this way;
if [[ "$var" -gt 60 || "$var" -lt 50 ]]
then
echo true
else
echo false
fi
output: True
Logical Not(!): This unary operator returns true if the operand is false and returns false if the operand is true.
var=40
if [ ! "$var" -gt 60 -o "$var" -lt 50 ]
then
echo true
else
echo false
fi
Alternatively, it can be written in the following ways:
if [[ ! "$var" -gt 60 && "$var" -lt 50 ]]
then
echo true
else
echo false
fi
False
File Operators
In Bash, file operators are used to verify and test files and directories. In order to show whether a certain condition is satisfied, file operators return a Boolean value (true or false).
-b operator: This operator determines whether or not a file is a block special file. If the file is a block special file, it returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
-c operator: This operator determines whether or not a file is a character special file. If the file is a character special file, it returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
-d operator: This operator checks if a directory. If it exists it returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
-e operator: This operator checks if a file exists. If it exists it returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
-f operator: This operator checks if a path exists and points to a regular file (not a directory or device). If it exists it returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
-l operator: This operator checks if the path exists and is a symbolic link. If the path exists then it returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
-r operator: This operator checks if the file and directory exist and are readable. If the file or directory is readable then it returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
-s operator: This operator checks the size of the given file. If the size of the given file is greater than 0 then it returns true; otherwise, it is false
-w operator: This operator checks if the file and directory exist and are writable. If the file or directory is writable then it returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
-x operator: This operator checks if the file and directory exist and are executable. If the file or directory is executable then it returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
The syntax to use any of the file operators is:
if [ fileoperator file-name ]
var=/etc/ssh/sshd_config
if [ -l $var ]
then
echo ' '
else
echo ' '
fi
Conclusion
You can write Bash scripts that make decision, carry out computations, and interact with files and directories by using operators such the arithmetic, comparison, logical, and file operators. These operators are necessary for building flexible, error-handling scripts that can respond to a variety of situations.
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