John Gray's Leviathans: Political Realism and Polish Reforms

This text is a profound analysis of John Gray's 'The New Leviathans,' illuminating the twilight of the era of liberal illusions and the return of brutal political realism. The author applies the British philosopher's diagnoses to the Polish context, identifying the pathologies of the Polish system, such as party feudalism and clientelism. Faced with the growing power of the new Leviathans—Russia and China—and the crisis of the West, the article argues for the need to strengthen strategic sovereignty. A key element of the argument is the proposal to repair the state through radical transparency of political financing and reform of the Social Dialogue Council. This is essential reading for those seeking an intellectual antidote to the dogmas of the end of history and wishing to understand the mechanisms of contemporary oligarchization.