Sticky and Global Economics: On Trade, Governance, and GDP Measurement

This article provides an in-depth analysis of contemporary economic mechanisms, going beyond David Ricardo's classical theory of comparative advantage. The author argues that states' economic successes stem not from natural conditions but from deliberate industrial policies and investments in human capital. The text introduces the concept of economic "stickiness," suggesting that resources do not move freely, which generates social costs and inequality. A key element of the discussion is a critique of Gross Domestic Product as an insufficient measure of well-being. Instead, the degrowth paradigm and the concept of doughnut economics are proposed, which emphasize sustainable development and the functional legitimacy of the state. This is a call for wise interventionism that, instead of blind growth, prioritizes social stability and the real quality of life of citizens in an era of global turbulence.