1️⃣ Common Manual Testing Techniques:
Manual testing techniques help testers create effective test cases to find defects without using automation tools.
A. Equivalence Partitioning (EP)
• Definition: Divide input data into valid and invalid groups so that testing one value from each group is enough.
• Example:
Suppose a form accepts ages 18 to 60.
o   Valid partition: 18–60 → test with 25
o   Invalid partitions: <18 and >60 → test with 17 and 61
This reduces test cases while maintaining coverage.
B. Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)
• Definition: Test values at the edges of valid and invalid input ranges since most errors occur at boundaries.
• Example:
For input range 1–100:
Test with 0, 1, 2, 99, 100, and 101
→ Ensures correct handling at lower and upper limits.
C. Decision Table Testing
• Definition: Test all possible combinations of inputs and conditions using a table.
• Example:
A loan system grants approval only if both conditions are true:
o   Salary > ₹50,000
o   Experience > 5 years
Rule Salary > 50k Experience > 5 Loan Approved
1   No  No  No
2   Yes No  No
3   No  Yes No
4   Yes Yes ✅ Yes
• → This ensures you don’t miss any logical combinations.
D. State Transition Testing
• Definition: Test how the system behaves when it moves between different states.
• Example:
ATM System:
o State 1: Card Inserted → Enter PIN → Withdraw → Card Ejected.
You test transitions like:
o   Enter wrong PIN 3 times → Card Blocked (Invalid transition)
o   Enter correct PIN → Proceed (Valid transition)
E. Error Guessing
• Definition: Based on the tester’s experience and intuition to find common errors.
• Example:
o   Entering blank username/password fields
o   Typing special characters in numeric fields
o   Uploading invalid file formats
2️⃣ Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)
A black-box testing technique where testers focus on values at boundaries of input domains.
Example:
An online exam system accepts marks between 0 and 100.
• Test inputs: -1, 0, 1, 99, 100, 101
• Expected results:
o   -1 → Invalid (below range)
o   0 → Valid (minimum)
o   1 → Valid
o   99 → Valid
o   100 → Valid (maximum)
o   101 → Invalid (above range)
Why use it?
Because developers often make off-by-one errors, and these are caught only by testing boundary conditions.
3️⃣ Decision Table Testing
Definition:
A systematic way to test all combinations of conditions and actions in business logic using a decision matrix.
Example:
For an online discount rule:
• Condition 1: Customer is a member
• Condition 2: Purchase amount > ₹5000
Rule    Member  Amount > 5000   Discount (%)
1   No  No  0
2   Yes No  5
3   No  Yes 10
4   Yes Yes 15
→ Ensures all logical rules are verified.
When to Use:
When multiple conditions determine the outcome (e.g., banking, insurance, or e-commerce systems).
4️⃣ The Future of Manual Testing in the Age of AI
Current Trend:
AI and automation are revolutionizing testing, but manual testing is still important for human judgment, creativity, and usability validation.
Automation vs Manual Testing:
Area    Automation/AI Strength  Manual Testing Strength
Repetitive Regression Tests Fast and consistent Not efficient
Exploratory Testing Limited context Deep insight & creativity
UI/UX Feedback  Detects layout issues   Understands user emotions
Complex Business Scenarios  Needs rules to learn    Humans adapt easily
Example:
• AI Testing: Can detect if a button is missing.
• Manual Tester: Can say “The button placement confuses users.”
 

 
    
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