In the physical world, it’s impossible to spend the same coin twice — once it leaves your hand, it’s gone.
In the digital world… well, it’s not that simple. 🤷♂️
That’s where Nullifiers come in — and Harpo takes them seriously.
When you spend a UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) in the private environment, Harpo generates a unique nullifier that marks that asset as “already spent.”
💡 What does this ensure?
🔐 Double-spend prevention — a nullifier can only exist once in the system
📜 Immutable history — once registered, it can never be reused
⚖️ Mass conservation — the system guarantees that inputs = outputs, without revealing sender or recipient
🛠️ How does it work in Harpo?
A ZKP confirms you own the UTXO and that it exists in the Merkle Tree
The nullifier is computed and added to the list of spent assets
New commitments (outputs) are created in the tree for the next holder
✅ The result:
Funds circulate securely
Privacy is preserved
No one can “print money” in the private environment
To see more 👉click here👈
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