R is a open source free statistical programming language.R is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics. It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms, Windows and MacOS.
Variable in R
There are 3 basic way to declare a variable in R.
1sy way, a=24
2nd way, b <- "Hello"
3rd way, False -> C
Others, Exceptional - c =5L, L-integer
Data Operator in R
- Arithmetic: (+, -,*,/,^, %%, %/%) 2.Assignment: (=,->>,<<-) 3.Relational (>,<,==,!=) 4.Logical (&(AND), |(OR), !(NOT)) 5.Special (:(range), %in%(between))
Data Type in R
- Vector - sequence of element
exp -
Vrt=(1,2,3,4) or vtr <- (1,2,3,4)
Operation - Indexing, replacing and sort
- Lists
Lists are the R object which contain elements of different types. like - number, strings, vectors and another lists.
Exp-
n=c(2,3,4)
s=c("aa","vv")
x=list(n,s, TRUE)
Operations - Merging (List1<-(1,2), List2('hi') merged.list <-c(list1,list2)), Slicing, Indexing
- Arrays
Arrays are the R data object which can store data in more than two dimensions.
Exp-
Vector1 <- c(4,6,7)
Vector2 <- c(10,12,13)
result <- array(c(vector1,vector2),dim=c(2,2,1))
4.Matrices
Matrices are the R object in which the elements are arranged in a 2-d rectangular layout.
-A matrix is created using matrix() function.
matrix(data, nrow, ncol, byrow, dimnames)
data- is the input vector which becomes the data elements of the matrix.
nrow-is the number of the rows to be created.
ncol-is the number of the columns to be created.
byrow- is the logical clue. If TRUE then input vector elements are the arraged by row.
dimname-is the names assigned to rows and columns.
exp-
vrt1 <- c(2,6,14,18,22)
vrt2 <- c(5,7,9,45,36)
mtr <- matrix(c(vtr1, vtr2), 5,5)
5.Factors
Factors are the data objects which are used to categorize the data and store it as levels.
- They can store both strings and integers.
- They are useful in the data analysis for statistical modeling.
data <- c("East","West","North","North","North","East","West","East")
factor_data <- factor(data)
exp -
vrt1 <- c(2,6,14,18,22)
factvtr <- factor(vrt1)
- Data Frames A data frame is a table or a 2-d array-like strucuture in which each column contains values of one variable and each row contains one set of values from each column.
emp_id=c(1:5),
emp_name=c("Richa", "Antima","Priya"),
salary= c(564.3,321.2,675.1),
emp.data <- data.frame(emp_id, emp_name, salary)
Flow Control Statements -:
IF,
x=5
if(x>3){
print("X is greater than 3")
}
IF-ELSE,
x=5
if(x>5){
print("X is greater than 5")
}
else if (x==5){
print("x equal to 5")
}
else{
print("x is not greater than 5")
}
Switch Case:
vtr <- c(150,200,250,300,350,400)
option <- "mean"
switch(option,
"mean"=mean((vtr)),
"mode"=mode((vtr))),
"median"=median((vtr)))
print("value invali")
)
Loops:
x=2
repeat{
x=x^2
print(x)
if(x>100)
break
}
x=2
while(x<1000){
x=x^2
print(x)
}
--
vtr <- c(7,19, 25,65,45)
for(i in vtr){
print(i)
}
print(vtr)
for(i in 1:15){
if (i%%2)==0){
next
}
print(i)
}
--
Visualization in R:
- Pie Chart
vtr <- c(12,28,11,30,17)
name <- c("R&D","Marketing","Sales","Support")
pie(vtr,name)
- Bar Chart: vtr <- c(12,28,11,30,17) name <- c("R&D","Marketing","Sales","Support") barplot(vtr)
3.Boxplot
boxplot(mpg ~cyl, data= mtcars, xlab = "number of Cylinders", ylab= "Miles per Gallon", main = "Mileage data")
- Histogram
vtr =(9,1,3,7,8,4,70)
hist(vtr)
Line Graph:
vtr =(9,1,3,7,8,4,70)
plot(vtr, type = "o")Scatterplot:
vtr1 =(9,1,3,7,8,4,70)
vtr2 =(6,1,3,3,8,0,70)
plot(vtr1, vtr2)
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