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How Classical Chinese Is Traditionally Annotated in Japan

Hi, I'm KKTeX. I maintain TeX packages on CTAN, including gckanbun.

In Japan, Classical Chinese can be read through a traditional annotation system called kanbun kundoku. The Chinese text remains in place while tiny marks encode a Japanese reading.

Three layers of kanbun kundoku: original Classical Chinese, Japanese annotations, and Japanese reading order

What are the tiny marks?

  • Furigana are small kana showing Japanese pronunciation.
  • Okurigana add Japanese verb endings and grammatical particles.
  • Kaeriten, or "return marks," tell the reader when to reverse the order of characters.
  • A rereading character is read twice, with a different Japanese form each time.

Four kinds of kanbun annotations: furigana, okurigana, kaeriten, and a rereading character

The annotations are not decoration. Together they carry pronunciation, grammar, and reading order without rewriting the original text.

Typesetting it with TeX

gckanbun keeps the source editable while handling the delicate placement of all those marks. It supports LuaLaTeX and (u)pLaTeX, is included in TeX Live, and is released under the MIT License.

A short gckanbun source example beside its compiled output

Two tools from the same desk

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What is the most unusual writing or annotation system you have typeset with TeX?

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