Observability-driven development with Go and Tracetest

We’re entering a new era of observability-driven development. ODD uses OpenTelemetry instrumentation as assertions in tests!

 Here's an awesome explanation on Twitter!

This is driving a new culture of trace-based testing. With trace-based testing, you can generate integration tests from OpenTelemetry-based traces, enforce quality, encourage velocity, and increase test coverage in microservices and distributed apps.

Today, you’ll learn to build a distributed system with Go and Docker. You’ll instrument it with OpenTelemetry traces and use Tracetest to run trace-based tests on top of OpenTelemetry infrastructure.

We’ll follow observability-driven development principles and showcase why it’s powerful in today’s world of developing distributed systems in the cloud.

By the end of this tutorial you’ll learn observability-driven development, how to develop microservices with Go, and how to run trace-based tests with Tracetest.

To check out the entire code, jump over to GitHub.

What are we building?

The distributed app we’re building will have two microservices and a dedicated module for OpenTelemetry trace instrumentation.

We’ll use Go to write the code and Docker Compose to deploy the microservices. The app itself is a bookstore that shows books with their price and availability.

We will follow observability-driven development best practices of first writing a test, then writing the code and adding OpenTelemetry instrumentation to validate the test spec, and finally run trace-based tests with Tracetest and make sure they pass.

The tutorial consists of 3 parts.

The first part will be dedicated to configuring the basic bookstore infrastructure and books service, setting up OpenTelemetry instrumentation, and installing Tracetest.

In the second part we will focus on running ODD tests hands-on and creating trace-based tests for the books service.

The third, and final, part will focus on creating the availability service and covering it with tests.

Before we begin, let’s quickly explain what OpenTelemetry and Tracetest are.

What is OpenTelemetry?

OpenTelemetry is an observability framework that assist in generating and capturing telemetry data from cloud-native software.

OpenTelemetry gathers observability data including traces, metrics, and logs.

OpenTelemetry is a community-driven open-source project and as of August 2021 is a CNCF incubating project. OpenTelemetry is the second most active CNCF project behind Kubernetes.

These are the three components we’ll use in this guide:

• OpenTelemetry Go APIs and SDKs for generating and emitting telemetry
• OpenTelemetry Collector to receive, process and export telemetry data
• OTLP protocol for transmitting telemetry data

Because OpenTelemetry is a framework, you need a data store to persist traces. We’ll demo how to use Jaeger as the trace data store and the OpenTelemetry Collector as the gateway to funnel traces to Jaeger for storage.

What is Tracetest?

Tracetest uses your existing OpenTelemetry traces to power trace-based testing with assertions against your trace data at every point of the request transaction.

You’ll point Tracetest to the existing Jaeger trace data source. Tracetest will then pull traces from Jaeger while running integration tests to run assertions against the trace data itself.

There is an option to bypass using a trace data store entirely, and send traces to Tracetest right away by configuring the OpenTelemetry collector as explained in our docs.

With that, we’re ready to start coding!

Setting up the infrastructure for observability-driven development

This section will explain the initial configuration of both the bookstore app and Tracetest. We’ll use Docker Compose for the infrastructure. Once done, you’ll have a running app with Tracetest configured for running tests.

Installing Tracetest for local development

You can follow the sample code we’ve prepared for part 1 of this tutorial. Follow the instructions below:

git clone [e-mail]:kubeshop/tracetest.git
cd examples/observability-driven-development-go-tracetest/bookstore/part1
docker compose -f docker-compose.yaml -f tracetest/docker-compose.yaml up

Note: View the 1st part of our observability-driven development video tutorial, here!

Let’s walk through the installation step-by-step.

Start by installing the Tracetest CLI. It’s the easiest way of getting started with Tracetest.

brew install kubeshop/tracetest/tracetest

Note: Follow this guide to install for your specific operating system.

Once the CLI is installed, create a directory called bookstore, and install a Tracetest server.

tracetest server install

Follow the prompts and install a bare-bones setup with just Tracetest. This will generate an empty docker-compose.yaml file and a ./tracetest/ directory that contains another docker-compose.yaml.

Configuring OpenTelemetry Collector and Jaeger with Tracetest

Let’s edit the docker-compose.yaml to add OpenTelemetry Collector and Jaeger.

# ./tracetest/docker-compose.yaml

services:
    jaeger:
        healthcheck:
            test:
                - CMD
                - wget
                - --spider
                - localhost:16686
            timeout: 3s
            interval: 1s
            retries: 60
        image: jaegertracing/all-in-one:latest
        networks:
            default: null
        restart: unless-stopped
    otel-collector:
        command:
            - --config
            - /otel-local-config.yaml
        depends_on:
            jaeger:
                condition: service_started
        image: otel/opentelemetry-collector:0.54.0
        networks:
            default: null
        volumes:
            - type: bind
              source: tracetest/otel-collector.yaml
              target: /otel-local-config.yaml
              bind:
                create_host_path: true
    postgres:
        environment:
            POSTGRES_PASSWORD: postgres
            POSTGRES_USER: postgres
        healthcheck:
            test:
                - CMD-SHELL
                - pg_isready -U "$$POSTGRES_USER" -d "$$POSTGRES_DB"
            timeout: 5s
            interval: 1s
            retries: 60
        image: postgres:14
        networks:
            default: null
    tracetest:
        depends_on:
            otel-collector:
                condition: service_started
            postgres:
                condition: service_healthy
        extra_hosts:
            host.docker.internal: host-gateway
        healthcheck:
            test:
                - CMD
                - wget
                - --spider
                - localhost:11633
            timeout: 3s
            interval: 1s
            retries: 60
        image: kubeshop/tracetest:v0.9.3
        networks:
            default: null
        ports:
            - mode: ingress
              target: 11633
              published: 11633
              protocol: tcp
        volumes:
            - type: bind
              source: tracetest/tracetest.yaml
              target: /app/config.yaml
networks:
    default:
        name: _default

Let me explain what’s going on in the docker-compose.yaml file:

• We hook up the OpenTelemetry Collector to act as a gateway for all the traces our app will generate and Jaeger as a trace data store.
• The OpenTelemetry Collector will receive all traces from our Go microservices and send them to Jaeger.
• We will then configure Tracetest to fetch trace data from Jaeger when running trace-based tests.

Make sure your config files for Tracetest and the OpenTelemetry Collector match the sample code. First copy-paste this into your otel-collector.yaml.

# ./tracetest/otel-collector.yaml

exporters:
    jaeger:
        endpoint: jaeger:14250
        tls:
            insecure: true
processors:
    batch:
        timeout: 100ms
receivers:
    otlp:
        protocols:
            grpc: null
            http: null
service:
    pipelines:
        traces:
            exporters:
                - jaeger
            processors:
                - batch
            receivers:
                - otlp

Now, from the bookstore directory, start Docker Compose to test the Tracetest installation.

docker compose -f docker-compose.yaml -f tracetest/docker-compose.yaml up

This command will spin up the infrastructure, and expose Tracetest on port 11633. Open up http://localhost:11633/ in your browser.

Configure your trace data store to point to Jaeger in the Web UI.

You can also configure Jaeger via the CLI.

Adding the books microservice

In the bookstore directory, create a books directory, and initialize a Go module.

cd ./books
go mod init github.com/your-username/bookstore/books

In the books directory create a main.go file. Paste this code into the main.go:

// ./books/main.go

package main

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
    "io"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "time"

    "github.com/gorilla/mux"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/github.com/gorilla/mux/otelmux"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/propagation"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
    sdktrace "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
    semconv "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.12.0"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
    "google.golang.org/grpc"
    "google.golang.org/grpc/credentials/insecure"
)

const svcName = "books"

var tracer trace.Tracer

func newExporter(ctx context.Context) (sdktrace.SpanExporter, error) {
    ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Second)
    defer cancel()
    conn, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, "otel-collector:4317", grpc.WithTransportCredentials(insecure.NewCredentials()), grpc.WithBlock())
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create gRPC connection to collector: %w", err)
    }

    traceExporter, err := otlptracegrpc.New(ctx, otlptracegrpc.WithGRPCConn(conn))
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create trace exporter: %w", err)
    }

    return traceExporter, nil
}

func newTraceProvider(exp sdktrace.SpanExporter) *sdktrace.TracerProvider {
    // Ensure default SDK resources and the required service name are set.
    r, err := resource.Merge(
        resource.Default(),
        resource.NewWithAttributes(
            semconv.SchemaURL,
            semconv.ServiceNameKey.String(svcName),
        ),
    )

    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }

    tp := sdktrace.NewTracerProvider(
        sdktrace.WithBatcher(exp),
        sdktrace.WithResource(r),
    )

    otel.SetTextMapPropagator(
        propagation.NewCompositeTextMapPropagator(
            propagation.TraceContext{},
            propagation.Baggage{},
        ),
    )

    return tp
}

func main() {
    ctx := context.Background()

    exp, err := newExporter(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to initialize exporter: %v", err)
    }

    // Create a new tracer provider with a batch span processor and the given exporter.
    tp := newTraceProvider(exp)

    // Handle shutdown properly so nothing leaks.
    defer func() { _ = tp.Shutdown(ctx) }()

    otel.SetTracerProvider(tp)

    // Finally, set the tracer that can be used for this package.
    tracer = tp.Tracer(svcName)

    r := mux.NewRouter()
    r.Use(otelmux.Middleware(svcName))

    r.HandleFunc("/books", booksListHandler)

    http.Handle("/", r)

    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8001", nil))
}

func booksListHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    _, span := tracer.Start(r.Context(), "Books List")
    defer span.End()

    io.WriteString(w, "Hello!\n")
}

Let’s walk through what’s happening in the ./books/main.go file:

• The newExporter function is defining how to export trace data and to forward it to the OpenTelemetry Collector we have running on otel-collector:4317.
• The newTraceProvider function is initializing the tracer that we use to instrument the code.
• The main function is initializing everything and defines an HTTP route called /books to trigger a booksListHandler.
• The booksListHandler function will return a simple "Hello!" string. It also starts the OpenTelemetry tracer and defines a span called "Books List" .

With all this added, fetch Go dependencies by running this command in the terminal from the books directory:

go mod tidy

This will generate a go.sum file.

Lastly, add a books service to the docker-compose.yaml file in the bookstore directory. This is the root docker-compose.yaml file, not the one inside the ./tracetest/ directory.

# ./docker-compose.yaml

services:
  books:
    image: your_username/books
    build:
      args:
        SERVICE: books
    ports:
      - 8001:8001
    depends_on:
      otel-collector:
        condition: service_started

Next, create a Dockerfile and paste this code into it:

# ./Dockerfile

FROM golang:1.19

ARG SERVICE

WORKDIR /app/${SERVICE}

COPY ./${SERVICE}/go.* /app/${SERVICE}
RUN go mod download

COPY ./${SERVICE}/* /app/${SERVICE}
RUN go build -o /app/server .

ENTRYPOINT [ "/app/server" ]

Finally, restart Docker Compose to try out the books service.

docker compose -f docker-compose.yaml -f tracetest/docker-compose.yaml up

Running a trace-based test in the Tracetest web UI

With the Tracetest service running on port 11633, open it up on http://localhost:11633/ in your browser.

Create a new HTTP test. Give it a name and make sure to set the URL to http://books:8001/books.

Click create. This will trigger the test to run right away.

The test will return a 200 status code. Next, we need to add assertions against the trace data to make sure our OpenTelemetry tracing instrumentation works in our Go code.

Open the Trace tab and let’s start by adding a status code assertion. Click on the Tracetest trigger span. In the left navigation, select tracetest.response.status and click Create test spec. If you’re writing the assertion by hand, make sure to preface the attribute with a attr: to enable autocompletion when selecting what attribute to assert on.

Save the test spec and add another assertion to the Books list span. This time add the attribute called attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 1.

Save and publish the test specs. Re-run the test.

You now have passing tests that ensure the service responds with a 200 status code and verifies the OpenTelemetry manual code instrumentation works!

Running a trace-based test with the Tracetest CLI

Let’s re-trace, no pun intended, our steps with the Tracetest CLI.

Create an e2e directory in the bookstore directory. Create a file called books-list.yaml. This will contain a test definition we will trigger with the CLI.

Paste this code into the books-list.yaml:

# ./e2e/books-list.yaml

type: Test
spec:
  id: k6hEWU54R
  name: Books Listing
  description: Try books service
  trigger:
    type: http
    httpRequest:
      url: http://books:8001/books
      method: GET
      headers:
      - key: Content-Type
        value: application/json
  specs:
    - selector: span[name="Tracetest trigger"]
      assertions:
        - attr:tracetest.response.status = 200
    - selector: span[name="Books List"]
      assertions:
        - attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 1

Take a moment to read the code. You see the assertions match what we just added in the Tracetest Web UI.

To trigger the test from the command line, first configure the Tracetest CLI. Make sure to point the CLI to the URL where the Tracetest service is running. In this sample it’s http://localhost:11633/.

tracetest configure

[Output]
Enter your Tracetest server URL [http://localhost:11633]: http://localhost:11633

[Output]
Enable analytics? [Y/n]: Yes

Now, we can run the test. From the bookstore dir, run:

tracetest test run -d ./e2e/books-list.yaml -w

[Output]
✔ Books Listing (http://localhost:11633/test/k6hEWU54R/run/2/test)

Clicking the link will open the test run in the Web UI.

With the initial setup done, we’re ready to move on and tackle getting hands-on with observability-driven development!

Hands-on observability-driven development

To follow along, you can check out the sample code we’ve prepared for part 2.1. Follow the instructions below:

git clone [e-mail]:kubeshop/tracetest.git
cd examples/observability-driven-development-go-tracetest/bookstore/part2.1
docker compose -f docker-compose.yaml -f tracetest/docker-compose.yaml up
###
tracetest test run -d ./e2e/books-list.yaml -w

Note: View the 2nd part of our observability-driven development video tutorial, here!

To get started let’s first add more detailed assertions to the books-list.yaml, and make our test fail.

Open the books-list.yaml file and add a custom attribute called attr:books.list.count. This means we are expecting the Books List API test to return 3 books.

# ./e2e/books-list.yaml

# ...

  specs:
    - selector: span[name="Tracetest trigger"]
      assertions:
        - attr:tracetest.response.status = 200
    - selector: span[name="Books List"]
      assertions:
        - attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 1
        - attr:books.list.count = 3

Jump back into the terminal, and run the test again.

tracetest test run -d ./e2e/books-list.yaml -w

[Output]
✘ Books Listing (http://localhost:11633/test/k6hEWU54R/run/1/test)
    ✔ span[name="Tracetest trigger"]
        ✔ #ebae1f382ecb81f6
            ✔ attr:tracetest.response.status = 200 (200)
    ✘ span[name="Books List"]
        ✘ #f6c5fa3aa5527a7a
            ✔ attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 1 (1)
            ✘ attr:books.list.count = 3 (http://localhost:11633/test/k6hEWU54R/run/1/test?selectedAssertion=1&selectedSpan=f6c5fa3aa5527a7a)

The "Books List" span now fails the test.

In true ODD fashion, let’s add the code to satisfy the test spec.

We need to add a getBooks function to retrieve the books and make sure to add OpenTelemetry instrumentation to validate that it is indeed returning the books in the form of an array.

Open up the ./books/main.go file. We will edit the booksListHandler function, and add a getBooks function that simulates getting books from a database.

// ./books/main.go

// ...

func booksListHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    ctx, span := tracer.Start(r.Context(), "Books List")
    defer span.End()

    books, err := getBooks(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
        io.WriteString(w, "cannot read books DB")
        return
    }

  // This is how we instrument the code with OpenTelemetry
  // This is the attribute we run the assertion against
    span.SetAttributes(
        attribute.Int("books.list.count", len(books)),
    )

    jsonBooks, err := json.Marshal(books)
    if err != nil {
        w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
        io.WriteString(w, "cannot json encode books DB")
        return
    }

    w.Write(jsonBooks)
}

type book struct {
    ID    string `json:"id"`
    Name  string `json:"name"`
    Price int    `json:"price"`
}

// Mocking a database request
func getBooks(ctx context.Context) ([]book, error) {
    return []book{
        {"1", "Harry Potter", 0},
        {"2", "Foundation", 0},
        {"3", "Moby Dick", 0},
    }, nil
}

Save the changes, and restart Docker Compose. Now, run the same test.

tracetest test run -d ./e2e/books-list.yaml -w

[Output]
✔ Books Listing (http://localhost:11633/test/k6hEWU54R/run/1/test)

The test passes. Clicking the link in the test will open up the Tracetest Web UI.

We’re starting to look like ODD pros right now! But, we’re not done yet. We want to add an availability check to our bookstore. What if a book is not in stock? We need to be able to check that.

Setting up observability-driven tests for multiple microservices

To follow along, you can check out the sample code we’ve prepared for part 2.2. Follow the instructions below:

git clone [e-mail]:kubeshop/tracetest.git
cd examples/observability-driven-development-go-tracetest/bookstore/part2.2
docker compose -f docker-compose.yaml -f tracetest/docker-compose.yaml up
###
tracetest test run -d ./e2e/books-list.yaml -w

First add another book entry to the getBooks function. We’ll add an availability check that will confirm it is out of stock.

// ./books/main.go

// ...

func getBooks(ctx context.Context) ([]book, error) {
    return []book{
        {"1", "Harry Potter", 0},
        {"2", "Foundation", 0},
        {"3", "Moby Dick", 0},
        {"4", "The art of war", 0}, // Add this book
    }, nil
}

Once again, open up the books-list.yaml. Let’s add assertions for the availability.

# books-list.yaml

# ...

  specs:
    - selector: span[name="Tracetest trigger"]
      assertions:
        - attr:tracetest.response.status = 200
    - selector: span[name="Books List"]
      assertions:
        - attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 1
        - attr:books.list.count = 3

    # This selector will look for a descendant of the 
    # "Books List" span called "Availability Check"
    - selector: span[name = "Books List"] span[name = "Availability Check"]
      assertions:
        - attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 4

We want to make sure that an availability check is performed for every single book from the getBooks function.

Re-running the test will cause it to fail because of the availability check, as expected.

tracetest test run -d ./e2e/books-list.yaml -w

[Output]
✘ Books Listing (http://localhost:11633/test/k6hEWU54R/run/2/test)
    ✔ span[name="Tracetest trigger"]
        ✔ #b81c6b68711908e1
            ✔ attr:tracetest.response.status = 200 (200)
    ✔ span[name="Books List"]
        ✔ #392fcfe7690310d8
            ✔ attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 1 (1)
            ✔ attr:books.list.count = 3 (3)
    ✘ span[name = "Books List"] span[name = "Availability Check"]
        ✘ #meta
            ✘ attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 4 (0) (http://localhost:11633/test/k6hEWU54R/run/2/test?selectedAssertion=2)

Next, let’s write the code to send an HTTP request to an availability microservice.

// ./books/main.go

// ...

func httpError(span trace.Span, w http.ResponseWriter, msg string, err error) {
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
    io.WriteString(w, msg)
    span.RecordError(err)
    span.SetStatus(codes.Error, msg)
}

func booksListHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    ctx, span := tracer.Start(r.Context(), "Books List")
    defer span.End()

    books, err := getAvailableBooks(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        httpError(span, w, "cannot read books DB", err)
        return
    }

    span.SetAttributes(
        attribute.Int("books.list.count", len(books)),
    )

    jsonBooks, err := json.Marshal(books)
    if err != nil {
        httpError(span, w, "cannot json encode books", err)
        return
    }

    w.Write(jsonBooks)
}

func getAvailableBooks(ctx context.Context) ([]book, error) {
    books, err := getBooks(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    availableBook := make([]book, 0, len(books))
    for _, book := range books {
        available, err := isBookAvailable(ctx, book.ID)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }

        if !available {
            continue
        }
        availableBook = append(availableBook, book)
    }

    return availableBook, nil
}

var httpClient = &http.Client{
    Transport: otelhttp.NewTransport(http.DefaultTransport),
}

func isBookAvailable(ctx context.Context, bookID string) (bool, error) {
    ctx, span := tracer.Start(ctx, "Availability Request", trace.WithAttributes(
        attribute.String("bookID", bookID),
    ))
    defer span.End()

    url := "http://availability:8000/" + bookID
    req, _ := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
    resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
    if err != nil {
        span.RecordError(err)
        span.SetStatus(codes.Error, "cannot do request")
        return false, err
    }

    if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound {
        span.SetStatus(codes.Error, "not found")
        return false, nil
    }

    stockBytes, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
    if err != nil {
        span.RecordError(err)
        span.SetStatus(codes.Error, "cannot read response body")
        return false, err
    }

    stock, err := strconv.Atoi(string(stockBytes))
    if err != nil {
        span.RecordError(err)
        span.SetStatus(codes.Error, "cannot parse stock value")
        return false, err
    }

    return stock > 0, nil
}

Let me explain the code in detail.

• We’re adding a isBookAvailable function that checks if a book is available based on a provided bookID. It calls the "http://availability:8000/" endpoint and appends a bookID value.
• The isBookAvailable function is then used in the getAvailableBooks function that iterates through the books from the getBooks function.
• The booksListHandler function now calls the getAvailableBooks function instead of calling getBooks.
• The httpError is just a helper function.

Note: Do not forget to re run go mod tidy if you change code that requires modules to be downloaded. Make sure to also restart Docker Compose after editing code!

Let’s re-run the test.

tracetest test run -d ./e2e/books-list.yaml -w

[Output]
✘ Books Listing (http://localhost:11633/test/qasYcU54R/run/1/test)
    ✘ span[name="Tracetest trigger"]
        ✘ #2f9bc366597fb472
            ✘ attr:tracetest.response.status = 200 (500) (http://localhost:11633/test/qasYcU54R/run/1/test?selectedAssertion=0&selectedSpan=2f9bc366597fb472)
    ✘ span[name="Books List"]
        ✘ #1f0e9347869fd8c2
            ✔ attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 1 (1)
            ✘ attr:books.list.count = 3 (http://localhost:11633/test/qasYcU54R/run/1/test?selectedAssertion=1&selectedSpan=1f0e9347869fd8c2)
    ✘ span[name = "Books List"] span[name = "Availability Check"]
        ✘ #meta
            ✘ attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 4 (0) (http://localhost:11633/test/qasYcU54R/run/1/test?selectedAssertion=2)

We’re getting a different error now! The response status of the "Tracetest trigger" span equals 500. Hmm, not great, right?

Wrong! We’re on the correct path! The test is failing because we added code that sends an HTTP request to an availability service that does not exist. Let’s fix that.

Next up, creating an availability service.

Trace-based testing across multiple services

To follow along, you can check out the sample code we’ve prepared for part 3.1. Follow the instructions below:

git clone [e-mail]:kubeshop/tracetest.git
cd examples/observability-driven-development-go-tracetest/bookstore/part3.1
docker compose -f docker-compose.yaml -f tracetest/docker-compose.yaml up
###
tracetest test run -d ./e2e/books-list.yaml -w

Note: View the 3rd part of our observability-driven development video tutorial, here!

When developing distributed apps and microservices it’s best practice to extract the OpenTelemetry instrumentation to a dedicated module.

This will let you import the OpenTelemetry configuration into all of your microservices without duplicating code.

Let’s start with pulling out the OpenTelemetry SDKs from the ./books/main.go and putting them in a dedicated file called instrumentation.go.

Create a lib directory in the root of the bookstore directory.

Initialize a module with:

cd ./lib
go mod init github.com/your-username/bookstore/lib

Note: File paths can be tricky in Go. Makes sure the name of the file path matches the location on GitHub when you import the module in your microservices.

Once you create the Go module, create another directory called instrumentation. Add a single file called instrumentation.go.

Remove the OpenTelemetry instrumentation code from ./books/main.go, and add i to the ./lib/instrumentation/instrumentation.go.

// ./lib/instrumentation/instrumentation.go 

package instrumentation

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
    "time"

    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/propagation"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
    sdktrace "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
    semconv "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.12.0"
    "google.golang.org/grpc"
    "google.golang.org/grpc/credentials/insecure"
)

func NewExporter(ctx context.Context) (sdktrace.SpanExporter, error) {
    ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Second)
    defer cancel()
    conn, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, "otel-collector:4317", grpc.WithTransportCredentials(insecure.NewCredentials()), grpc.WithBlock())
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create gRPC connection to collector: %w", err)
    }

    traceExporter, err := otlptracegrpc.New(ctx, otlptracegrpc.WithGRPCConn(conn))
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create trace exporter: %w", err)
    }

    return traceExporter, nil
}

func NewTraceProvider(svcName string, exp sdktrace.SpanExporter) *sdktrace.TracerProvider {
    // Ensure default SDK resources and the required service name are set.
    r, err := resource.Merge(
        resource.Default(),
        resource.NewWithAttributes(
            semconv.SchemaURL,
            semconv.ServiceNameKey.String(svcName),
        ),
    )

    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }

    tp := sdktrace.NewTracerProvider(
        sdktrace.WithBatcher(exp),
        sdktrace.WithResource(r),
    )

    otel.SetTextMapPropagator(
        propagation.NewCompositeTextMapPropagator(
            propagation.TraceContext{},
            propagation.Baggage{},
        ),
    )

    return tp
}

Don’t forget to run go mod tidy in the terminal from the ./lib folder to make sure the dependencies are downloaded and saved. You can now safely commit and push this code to GitHub. This will let you download it and use it in both the books and availability microservices. Lets move on to updating the books service first.

// ./books/main.go

package main

import (
    "context"
    "encoding/json"
    "io"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "strconv"

    "github.com/gorilla/mux"

    // Add the instrumentation module from lib
    // Make sure to first push the module to GitHub
    // Watch out to get the directory tree and name to match
    "github.com/your-username/bookstore/lib/instrumentation"

    "go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/github.com/gorilla/mux/otelmux"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/codes"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
)

const svcName = "books"

var tracer trace.Tracer

func main() {
    ctx := context.Background()

    // Calling the "instrumentation" module
    exp, err := instrumentation.NewExporter(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to initialize exporter: %v", err)
    }

    // Calling the "instrumentation" module
    // Create a new tracer provider with a batch span processor and the given exporter.
    tp := instrumentation.NewTraceProvider(svcName, exp)

    // Handle shutdown properly so nothing leaks.
    defer func() { _ = tp.Shutdown(ctx) }()

    otel.SetTracerProvider(tp)

    // Finally, set the tracer that can be used for this package.
    tracer = tp.Tracer(svcName)

    r := mux.NewRouter()
    r.Use(otelmux.Middleware(svcName))

    r.HandleFunc("/books", booksListHandler)

    http.Handle("/", r)

    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8001", nil))
}

// ...

The ./books/main.go looks exactly the same except for removing the OpenTelemetry instrumentation code and importing the ./lib/instrumentation module instead. Make sure to edit the import to use the instrumentation module you pushed to GitHub.

Then, we use the instrumentation object to call the NewExporter and NewTraceProvider methods.

To make sure the behavior is the same after this change let’s restart Docker Compose and re-run the same test as above.

tracetest test run -d ./e2e/books-list.yaml -w

[Output]
✘ Books Listing (http://localhost:11633/test/qasYcU54R/run/1/test)
    ✘ span[name="Tracetest trigger"]
        ✘ #831e781a89050f81
            ✘ attr:tracetest.response.status = 200 (500) (http://localhost:11633/test/qasYcU54R/run/1/test?selectedAssertion=0&selectedSpan=831e781a89050f81)
    ✘ span[name="Books List"]
        ✘ #9f05d0fe6d4966e6
            ✔ attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 1 (1)
            ✘ attr:books.list.count = 3 (http://localhost:11633/test/qasYcU54R/run/1/test?selectedAssertion=1&selectedSpan=9f05d0fe6d4966e6)
    ✘ span[name = "Books List"] span[name = "Availability Check"]
        ✘ #meta
            ✘ attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 4 (0) (http://localhost:11633/test/qasYcU54R/run/1/test?selectedAssertion=2)

Awesome! We’re getting the same issue as before. Wild, isn’t it? I’m cheering because we’re getting the same issue as before!

With that out of the way, time to build our availability service.

Hands-on observability-driven tests across multiple microservices

Check out the sample code we’ve prepared for part 3.2 to follow along. Follow the instructions below:

git clone [e-mail]:kubeshop/tracetest.git
cd examples/observability-driven-development-go-tracetest/bookstore/part3.2
docker compose -f docker-compose.yaml -f tracetest/docker-compose.yaml up
###
tracetest test run -d ./e2e/books-list.yaml -w

To begin, we need a new directory for our additional microservice. Create an availability directory in the bookstore directory. Initialize a Go module.

cd ./availability
go mod init github.com/your-username/bookstore/availability

Create a file called ./availability/main.go. Paste this code into it.

package main

import (
    "context"
    "io"
    "log"
    "net/http"

    // Make sure this module matches the lib/instrumentation
    // module from the previous section!
    "github.com/your-username/bookstore/lib/instrumentation"
    "github.com/gorilla/mux"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/github.com/gorilla/mux/otelmux"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/codes"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
)

const svcName = "availability"

var tracer trace.Tracer

func main() {
    ctx := context.Background()

    exp, err := instrumentation.NewExporter(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to initialize exporter: %v", err)
    }

    // Create a new tracer provider with a batch span processor and the given exporter.
    tp := instrumentation.NewTraceProvider(svcName, exp)

    // Handle shutdown properly so nothing leaks.
    defer func() { _ = tp.Shutdown(ctx) }()

    otel.SetTracerProvider(tp)

    // Finally, set the tracer that can be used for this package.
    tracer = tp.Tracer(svcName)

    r := mux.NewRouter()
    r.Use(otelmux.Middleware(svcName))

    r.HandleFunc("/{bookID}", stockHandler)

    http.Handle("/", r)

    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8000", nil))
}

var books = map[string]string{
    "1": "10",
    "2": "1",
    "3": "5",
    "4": "0",
}

func stockHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    _, span := tracer.Start(r.Context(), "Availability Check")
    defer span.End()

    vars := mux.Vars(r)
    bookID, ok := vars["bookID"]
    if !ok {
        span.SetStatus(codes.Error, "no bookID in URL")
        w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
        io.WriteString(w, "missing bookID in URL")
        return
    }

    // The span we will run an assertion against
    span.SetAttributes(
        attribute.String("bookID", bookID),
    )

    stock, ok := books[bookID]
    if !ok {
        span.SetStatus(codes.Error, "book not found")
        w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
        io.WriteString(w, "book not found")
        return
    }

    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
    io.WriteString(w, stock)
}

As always, run go mod tidy to generate a go.sum file and download modules.

Let me explain the code:

• We are using the NewExporter and NewTraceProvider in the main function just as we did in the ./books/main.go.
• We are running an HTTP server on port 8000 that expects a bookID as a parameter.
• The HTTP route /{bookID} will trigger a stockHandler function. This function checks if the book is in stock or not.

Wonderful! With the availability service added, we need to add it to the docker-compose.yaml as well.

services:
  books:
    image: your_username/books
    build:
      args:
        SERVICE: books
    ports:
      - 8001:8001
    depends_on:
      - otel-collector

  availability:
    image: your_username/availability
    build:
      args:
        SERVICE: availability
    depends_on:
      - otel-collector

The availability service will use the same Dockerfile as the books service.

That’s all! We’re done! Let’s restart Docker Compose and see if the "Books Listing" test passes.

For reference, here’s the full ./e2e/books-list.yaml test file we’re running:

# ./e2e/books-list.yaml

type: Test
spec:
  id: qasYcU54R
  name: Books Listing
  description: Try books service
  trigger:
    type: http
    httpRequest:
      url: http://books:8001/books
      method: GET
      headers:
      - key: Content-Type
        value: application/json
  specs:
    - selector: span[name="Tracetest trigger"]
      assertions:
        - attr:tracetest.response.status = 200
    - selector: span[name="Books List"]
      assertions:
        - attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 1
        - attr:books.list.count = 3
    - selector: span[name = "Books List"] span[name = "Availability Check"]
      assertions:
        - attr:tracetest.selected_spans.count = 4

In your terminal, run:

tracetest test run -d ./e2e/books-list.yaml -w

[Output]
✔ Books Listing (http://localhost:11633/test/qasYcU54R/run/1/test)

Clicking the link will open the Tracetest Web UI and show the assertions in detail.

We can clearly see how an availability check was triggered four times. One time for every book in the list.

Conclusion

You’ve learned how to practice observability-driven development with Go and Tracetest across multiple microservices by using a dedicated OpenTelemetry instrumentation module. Well done!

To continue learning about observability-driven development, check out our 3-part video tutorial about observability-driven development with Go and Tracetest!

Give Tracetest a try in your own applications and tracing infrastructure by following either our quick start guide, which sets you up with the CLI tooling and the Tracetest server in a few steps, or our detailed guide, for more details. Feel free to give us a star on GitHub as well!

By practicing observability-driven development and trace-based testing best practices we want you to have a more developer friendly experience by increasing your test coverage, freeing yourself from manual testing procedures, and identifying bottlenecks you didn’t even know existed.

We’d love to hear about your ODD success stories in Discord! We truly value your feedback, so don't be shy!