Normalization

Database normalization is the process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. In this tutorial, we’ll go step-by-step from Unnormalized Table → 1NF → 2NF → 3NF, and implement it using **MySQL.

We’ll also write a JOIN query to display students along with their courses and instructors.

Insertion Anomaly: Cannot add a new course without assigning it to a student.

Update Anomaly: If an instructor’s phone number changes, multiple rows must be updated.
Deletion Anomaly: Removing a student could delete information about the course and instructor. 1.First Normal Form (1NF)
Rule: Each column should have atomic values.

Our table already satisfies 1NF.