Kotlin Tutorial - 3 Control Flow (Iteration)

In Kotlin, there are two main types to create an iteration or loop by using while and for.

While loop

In while loop, the condition is checked first before the code inside while block is executed. This is the basic syntax of while loop.

while(condition) {
    // code..
}

In this example, the while loop is used to prints out the number from 1 until 4.

fun main() {
    var num = 1
    while(num <= 4) {
        println(num)
        num++
    }
}

Output

1
2
3
4

Based on the code above, the while loop has a flow like this:

1. Check the condition.
2. If the condition is true, execute the codes inside while block.
3. If the condition is false, stop the execution.

Notice that inside while block, there is a code that used to increase the num value by 1 with ++ operator. The num++ equals to num = num + 1.

Here it is another similiar operator that usually used together with loop mechanism.

Operator	Description
+=	a += b equals to a = a + b
-=	a -= b equals to a = a - b
*=	a *= b equals to a = a * b
/=	a /= b equals to a = a / b
%=	a %= b equals to a = a % b
++	a++ equals to a = a + 1
--	a-- equals to a = a - 1

There is another type of while loop called do while loop. The do while loop executes the code inside do while block then check the condition. This is the basic syntax of do while loop.

do {
    // code..
} while(condition)

In this example, the do while loop is used.

fun main() {
    // create variable called num
    var num = 1
    // use do while loop
    do {
        // prints out the num's value
        println(num)
        // increase the num's value by 1
        num++
    } while (num < 0)
}

Output

1

Based on the code above, the code inside do while block is executed first then the condition of num value is checked.

For loop

For loop is a loop mechanism that suitable for range condition. This is the basic syntax of using for loop.

for(range_condition) {
    // code..
}

In this example, the for loop is used to prints out number from 1 until 4.

fun main() {
    for (num in 1..4) {
        println(num)
    }
}

Output

1
2
3
4

Based on the code above, the range condition is specified using in keyword followed with specified range.

Another way to create range condition is using until keyword.

var_name in initial_value until limit_value

This is the example of using until keyword.

fun main() {
    for(num in 1 until 3) {
        println(num)
    }
}

Output

1
2

Based on the code above, the num value that printed out is 1 and 2 because the 3 acts as a limit value only. If the num value equals with the limit value (in this case is 3), the code execution inside for block is stopped.

The for loop is suitable for iterating through collection like List. In this example, the for loop is used to iterate through list.

fun main() {
    // create a list of integers
    val list = listOf(1,2,3,4)

    // using for loop
    // to iterate through every list items
    for(item in list) {
        println(item)
    }
}

Output

1
2
3
4

Based on the code above, the specified range is item in list which means every item exists in list, execute the code inside for block. The code inside for block is executed to prints out the value from item temporary variable.

The nested for loop is also available. In this example, the nested for loop is used to iterate through list of collections.

fun main() {
    // create a list of collections
    val database = listOf(
        listOf("Docker","Git","Ansible"),
        listOf("Kotlin","Java","Golang")
    )

    // using nested for loop
    for (list in database) {
        for (item in list) {
            println(item)
        }
    }
}

Output

Docker
Git
Ansible
Kotlin
Java
Golang

Based on the code above, the inner loop is executed first then the outer loop is executed.

break and continue keyword

The break and continue keyword usually used together with loop mechanism. The continue keyword means continue the execution of code whilst break keyword means stop the code execution.

In this example, the continue keyword is used to print out only odd values.

fun main() {
    for (num in 1..10) {
        if (num % 2 == 0) {
            continue
        }
        println(num)
    }
}

Output

1
3
5
7
9

Based on the code above, the continue keyword is used to execute into the next loop which means if num % 2 == 0 condition is true, the num value is skipped then the next loop is executed.

In this example, the break keyword is used to stop the execution inside while loop.

fun main() {
    var num = 1
    while(true) {
        if (num == 3) break
        println(num)
        num++
    }
}

Output

1
2

Based on the code above, the break keyword is used to stop the execution if the value from num variable is equals 3.

Notes

• While loop is suitable for unexact condition.
• For loop is suitable for range or exact condition.

Sources

• Learn more about iteration or loop in Kotlin by visiting this link.

I hope this article is helpful for learning the Kotlin programming language. If you have any thoughts or comments you can write in the discussion section below.