See the original article on Medium:
Medium
And other articles about Android on my website:
https://patrykkosieradzki.com
Intro
If you’re reading this article, you’re probably thinking:
“Hmm I wonder what to use to navigate in my Jetpack Compose app. Should I use navigation-compose as sugested by Google or stick with Fragments and use Compose only for rendering views?”
In this article, I’m going to talk about my experience with both Navigation-Compose and Fragments in a Jetpack Compose app. You will learn which approach is better (in my opinion) and what obstacles may await you by using each of them.
Podcast!
If you’re a Polish speaker, you can listen to a podcast I’ve made about this topic:
https://www.buzzsprout.com/1820265/9680778
Let’s start
If you Google “Jetpack Compose Navigation” you will probably see the Navigation-Compose library as one of the first results. Google describes it as a new navigation component that supports apps written in Compose and claims that thanks to it we can navigate between composables while taking advantage of the Navigation component’s infrastructure and features.
Sounds perfect, but is it? We should talk about what the new navigation looks like…
Google really wanted to create a Framework that would be able to manage lifecycles, navigation and everything around it while eliminating the need to use Fragments. They came up with the idea to create a navigation graph as Composable (NavHost) instead of an XML file, where we can define routes to which the application can navigate. In fact, if you look closely, Fragments are replaced by navBackstackEntry in this way. Unfortunately, it doesn’t work very well and there are a lot of issues with it.
Route paths
First of all — route paths.
Google probably envied Flutter, React and other similar Frameworks and thought that the best solution for Android would be to define screen routes as in a web app — despite the fact that we create mobile applications, not web ones, right?
What does this mean for us?
This means that each route looks like an URL ending, e.g.
- /users — for the user list screen
- /users/2 — for the detail screen for user with id = 2.
From now on, the developer must maintain the order of the paths and their parts, remember them and their params, or create constants for individual screens, which already means that we have a lot more work to start than before.
What comes next is even more confusing.
Navigation arguments
Earlier, using Fragments and Safe Args, we could define in XML what arguments a given Fragment takes. When creating an action from one screen to another, we had an automatically generated code that asked us for arguments of the correct type and packed them into the Bundle. Next, to extract these arguments in the target Fragment, we can use the by navArgs() delegate for example, which will do it for us automatically.
We were able to pass a lot of different types as parameters, such as Int, String, Boolean, etc. but also custom ones, such as Enums, Serializables and Parcelables. The full list of supported types can be found here.
Is it just as convenient in navigation compose? NOT AT ALL
Arguments can be passed only in the URL path of a given route, for example:
- Path params /users/{arg1}/details/{arg2}
- Or to make it even more complicated, you can also pass query params and optional parameters after the question mark /users/{arg1}/details?{arg2}={arg2_value}&{arg3}={arg3_value}
Oh, and don’t forget that for each destination and param that you want to use, YOU are responsible for all of the type safety. Compose navigation is not going to tell you that you mistook an Int param as a String. It will just crash the app.
Each param has to be declared in composable in the NavHost:
And also extracted with a proper type later:
So now, not only that the programmer has to manage all routes himself, he also has to remember what arguments are taken by a particular screen and what are the keys and data types of parameters and their order.
Will you get the errors at compile time that you messed something up? Nope. You will get an error or an app crash only while the app is running.
Everything is a String
Also, don’t forget that since the screen route is like an url, each parameter must be passed anyway as a String and must be encoded.
Let’s say we want to pass this String as a param:
val urlParam = "https://translate.google.com/?hl=en&tab=TT"
To navigate with it we have to write this:
navController.navigate("path/arg=${URLEncoder.encode(urlParam)}")
And then receive it like this:
URLEncoder.decode(bundle.getString("arg_key"))
Even better, if you use URLEncoder.encode(…) over a String that contains a ‘\n’ character, it will crash because of the ‘%0A’, so the only way to make it work is to use Base64 encoding first.
This makes the Navigation-Compose API completely NON type safe.
What about Enums, Serializables and Parcelables?
Like I’ve mentioned before, any argument we want to pass, regardless of type, has to be converted to a String in order to add it to the path.
Enums
Compose navigation won’t let you pass Enums as params, but this can be done differently. In theory, we can convert it into a String, and call the valueOf method on the target screen to find the value in the enum that we previously passed as String.
Parcelables and Serializables
This is where the fun begins. Passing Serializable and Parcelable as a navigation param in Compose-Navigation is not supported too.
I see a lot of people on the Internet saying that it is possible to get into the backStackEntry arguments and manually pass the object there that extends Serializable or Parcelable.
HOWEVER
This is just a hack that Google does not recommend and does not give any guarantee that this will work.
Personally, I have had a lot of situations where passing arguments in this way caused the app to crash.
Don’t believe me? Just go here and read:
https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/182194894
Is there anything we can do?
Well, theoretically… yeah. We could convert our Serializable or Parcelable object to JSON and pass it as a String. I feel sorry for anyone who would like to pass params this way. This is a way to do it, but it’s so stupid and brings so much unnecessary boilerplate and complexity that I won’t even consider using it.
UPDATE!
Since Compose version 1.0.3 and NavigationX 2.4.0-alpha10 we are now able to create a custom NavType:
Let’s say you have a class like this:
You can define the NavType like this:
And use it:
This seems better than what we had before BUT still requires us to use JSON inside. Also imagine creating a new custom NavType every time you want to pass a Parcelable. This just adds more boilerplate code to our app. Moreover there is no mention in the documentation from Google that this solution will work with Compose-Navigation too.
BUT WHY?
And now the main question arises — why?
Why is Navigation-Compose like that? Why doesn’t it support Serializables, Parcelables and why does it have so many issues?
It is very possible that Google wants to encourage developers to pass only id of the object and not the static copy of it. It would make sense if, for example, we were operating on the Room database and observing the data using Flow. For example, if something in the meantime changed this data, then the user would automatically see the current values on the screen.
Indeed, maybe in a few cases like this, it would make sense. Unfortunately, there are often situations in which we want to consciously pass a static object, or at least some part of it so that the user immediately sees the data on the screen. After that, we could load some details in the background or simply check if the data is up-to-date.
Just use Fragments
Okay, then how should I use Compose to avoid these problems? The answer is simple. Use Fragments and old navigation.
Reasons why you should still use Fragments
You can use whatever you want: XML, Compose, you choose. The easiest way is to add ComposeView to the Fragment view and set Composable of the given Fragment there.
Not a fan of LaunchedEffect, DisposableEffect and so on? You don’t have to use them as you can write some code the old way, just like it was in Fragments.
Depending on what DI Framework you are using, you may also run into some issues with SavedStateHandle if you use Navigation-Compose.
In my current project, we are using Koin and unfortunately SavedStateHandle cannot be injected into the ViewModel in the new navigation. This problem, of course, has to be fixed by Koin Team, but for now, it disappears if you use Fragments and inject the ViewModel using by viewModel() delegate.
Of course, Fragments aren’t perfect. What issues with them should you consider in this case?
First of all, you are using Fragments. This may seem funny at first, but some people don’t like them, for example Jake Wharton. In short, he says you can use Fragments, but the backstack is a nightmare.
You have a little more code. After all, for each screen, you have to write both Fragment and Composable.
Another thing is that you have two lifecycles that you need to manage — Fragment and Composable lifecycle. This may seem problematic at first, but fortunately, there is a quick way to deal with it. Just use the setViewCompositionStrategy method on a ComposeView and set how the Composable’s lifecycle should behave in relation to the Fragment’s lifecycle.
Last but not least, you must remember that when passing a Parcelable object as a Safe Args argument, you must also add it to the proguard configuration, otherwise you will get a crash on production.
Summary
So is using Fragments the best solution? Probably not.
In my opinion, it would be best if Google provided us with a ready, working and good API for navigation in Compose. Unfortunately, as I mentioned before, we can forget about it for now. At the moment, the solution that I presented is something that I use myself and I’m OK with it, at least for now.
We should also remember that many libraries and tools do not yet have 100% support with Compose and sometimes the ability to write something in the old way, in a Fragment or even in XML is exactly what we need.
Thanks for reading!
That’s it for this article. I hope you like it and should you have any questions, do not hesitate to comment or reach out to me :)
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