Switch Statement Oddities

Introduction

The grammar for the switch statement in C is simply:

        switch ( expression ) statement

C++ inherited C’s switch and added the ability to add an optional init-statement, but that’s not central to this article.

Notice what’s not there: there’s no mention of either case or default. Those are specified elsewhere in the grammar. This means the correctness of a switch statement is enforced semantically rather than syntactically. The consequences of this are that statement:

1. Can be any statement.
2. Is treated exactly the same as any other statement.
3. May also contain zero or more case labels and at most one default label.

Fall-Through

One of the controversial features of C is that, within a switch statement, cases “fall through” to the next case (if any). For example, given a value of 'a' for the variable c, code such as:

switch ( c ) {
    case 'a':
        printf( "apple\n" );
    case 'b':
        printf( "banana\n" );
}

will print apple and banana because after matching 'a' and printing apple, execution simply “falls through” into the 'b' case. This is an odd result of consequence #2 above since, outside of a switch, consecutive statements naturally “fall through” from one to the next. Inside of a switch between cases, this isn’t what you want most of the time, so you can use a break (or continue if inside a loop, return, or goto).

Most compilers will allow you to request to be warned when code falls through to a next case. As of C23 or C++17, you can include the [[fallthrough]] attribute to tell the compiler that a fall-through is intentional and not to warn you:

switch ( how_good ) {
    case VERY_GOOD:
        printf( "very " );
        [[fallthrough]];
    case GOOD:
        printf( "good\n" );
        break;
}

Perhaps the most famous example of where fall-through is useful is Duff’s device. You can read the details of it there, but the bottom line is that code (rewritten in modern C) such as:

void send( short *to, short const *from, size_t count ) {
    size_t n = (count + 7) / 8;
    switch ( count % 8 ) {
        case 0: do { *to = *from++;
        case 7:      *to = *from++;
        case 6:      *to = *from++;
        case 5:      *to = *from++;
        case 4:      *to = *from++;
        case 3:      *to = *from++;
        case 2:      *to = *from++;
        case 1:      *to = *from++;
                } while ( --n > 0 );
    }
}

is perfectly legal as a result of consequence #3, that is the fact that the do loop is inside a switch allows any statement to have a case label.

Single Statement

With switch, the statement is invariably a compound-statement, that is a sequence of statements enclosed in {}, but it can alternatively be a single statement:

bool check_n_args( int n_args ) {
    switch ( n_args )              // no { here
        case 0:
        case 1:
        case 2:
            return true;
                                   // no } here
    fprintf( stderr, "error: args must be 0-2\n" );
    return false;
}

Since there is only the single statement of return true, the {} aren’t necessary just as they’d not be necessary after an if, do, else, for, or while either.

Aside from the fact that the above is an alternate way of writing:

    if ( n_args >= 0 && n_args <= 2 )
        return true;

(except that the expression is evaluated only once) there’s no legitimate reason for ever using a single statement with a switch, so I’d never recommend doing it. It’s just an odd result of consequence #1 above.

default Not Last

When a switch has a default, it’s invariably last, but it can actually be anywhere within the switch:

    switch ( n_args ) {
        default:
            fprintf( stderr, "error: args must be 0-2\n" );
            return false;
        case 0:
            // ...

In terms of performance, the position of default (or indeed the order of the cases) doesn’t matter. The only technical reason for not having default last would be if you wanted to have execution fall-through into the next case. Any other reason would be purely stylistic, e.g., you want to handle the common case first followed by special cases.

Statements Before the First Case

It’s also possible to have statements before the first case, for example:

switch ( n_args ) {
        printf( "never executed\n" );
    case 0:
        // ...

Such statements are never executed. Most compilers will warn about this. As far as I know, there’s no reason for ever having statements before the first case like that.

However, things can get even more odd since you can do something like this:

switch ( n ) while ( 1 ) {
        printf( "world\n" );
        break;
    case 0:
        printf( "hello " );
        continue;
    case 1:
        printf( "goodbye " );
        continue;
}

That is, make statement be a while and replace all breaks for cases with continue. Then:

• If any case matches, execute the code for it followed by the code before for the first case.
• If no case matches, do nothing.

Note that the break breaks out of both the while and the switch.

This is kind-of the opposite of default that runs code only if no case matches; above, the code before the first case runs only if any case matches.

Is this useful? Yes, but it’ll confuse your peers and likely never survive code review. You might be able to make the above more acceptable by using a macro:

#define after_matching_case  while (1)

switch ( n ) after_matching_case {
    // ...

Declarations Before the First Case

You can alternatively have declarations before the first case, for example:

switch ( n_args ) {
        int i;
    case 0:
        i = f();
        // ...
        break;
    case 1:
        i = g();
        // ...
        break;
}

This is marginally useful when a variable is used only within the scope of the switch by one or more cases. Note that you should not initialize such variables like:

switch ( n_args ) {
        int i = 0;  // WRONG: do _not_ initialize!
    // ...

because, even though the variable is declared, its initialization code is never executed (just like the printf() in a previous example is never executed), so the code is deceptive. Instead, you must initialize such variables in each case that uses them.

Even though simple declarations (without initialization) are not executable code, some compilers will still (erroneously, IMHO) warn about them. Therefore, such declarations are not useful.

If you really want declarations only within the scope of a switch, you can either put them in the first case or only in the case(s) that use them. However, prior to C23, declarations immediately after a label are not allowed:

switch ( n_args ) {
    case 0:
        int i;       // error (pre-C23)
        // ...

To work around that restriction, you can either add a null statement (just a ;) after the ::

    case 0:;         // note the ';'
        int i;       // OK now (all C versions)
        // ...

or add {}:

    case 0: {
        int i;       // OK now (all C versions)
        // ...
    }

A break-able Block

If you have a long block of code that you want to jump to the end of, there are a few ways to do it:

1. A sequence of if-else statements; or;
2. A sequence of if-goto statements; or;
3. A do { ... } while (0) statement with breaks.

Each has its trade-offs. Another way would be:

#define BLOCK  switch (0) default:

void f() {
    BLOCK {
        // ...
        if ( condition_1 )
            break;
        // ... lots more code ...
    }

    // "break" above jumps here

Hence, it’s most similar to do { ... } while (0), but without having to put the while (0) at the end.

Conclusion

The apparent simplicity of the switch statement in C (and C++) is deceptive in that it allows several odd ways to write code using them, some useful, some not. The most useful is Duff’s device for loop unrolling.