Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue with an extended half-life of approximately 1week has being come into clinic trial to treat parkingson's disease but little is known about its effect to prevent against Alzheimer's disease (AD). The goal of the present study was to explore the potential mechanisms of semaglutide to protect against AD.
We treated SH-SY5Y cell line with Aβ
as an AD model. Further, SH-SY5Y cells damaged by Aβ
were treated by semaglutide. Autophagy-related proteins and apoptosis-related proteins were measured to explore molecular mechanisms for semaglutide to protect against Aβ
.
Semaglutide enhanced autophagy by increasing the expression of LC3II, Atg7, Beclin-1 and P62 which were inhibited by Aβ
. Further we showed that semaglutide inhibited apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of Bax induced by Aβ
and increasing the expression of Bcl2 inhibited by Aβ
.
Our results provide a clue for the hypothesis that autophagy enhancement and apoptosis inhibition may be involved in the effect of semaglutide to protect against Aβ
.
Our results provide a clue for the hypothesis that autophagy enhancement and apoptosis inhibition may be involved in the effect of semaglutide to protect against Aβ 25-35.Caudaequinatumors are histologically diverse. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O3) confers dedicated site code (C72. 1) for cauda equina. This code is excluded during analyses of other primary spinal cord tumors. In this retrospective study, the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data for primary cauda equina tumors (PCET, C72. 1) excluding the tumors of spinal meninges (C70. 1) from 1992 to 2015 were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, tumor types, and clinical outcomes were analyzed using univariable analysis. Overall survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods and compared for age, histology and treatment type. 293 patients with PCET met inclusion criteria. The most common tumors comprised schwannoma (32%), myxopapillary ependymoma (21%), malignant ependymoma (22%). The median age at diagnosis was 50 years (range less then 1 year to 98 years), 57% of patients were males. 77% of the patients underwent surgery. Median follow up time for these patients was 70 months. Of the 293 patients, 250 (85%) were living at the end of 2015. The cause of death was tumor or CNS related in 15 patients. 136 patients were followed for less then 5 years, of which 102 were censored and 34 died (11.6%) before 5 years. Using univariable analysis, age at diagnosis (Hazard Ratio, HR 1.05; confidence interval, CI 1.03-1.07; p less then 0.001), malignant tumor type (HR 2.88, CI 1.15-7.19, p = 0.0239) and absence of surgical intervention (HR 2.54, CI1.26-5.11, p = 0.0092) were predictors of increased mortality. Although most patients did well, older age and lack of surgical intervention were associated with worse survival.
Venous air embolism (VAE) during craniotomy operation with semi-sitting position is closely related to intracranial venous pressure. The objective of current study was to explore the relationship between intracranial venous pressure and VAE during operation with semi-sitting position.
Between April 2018 and January 2019, 25 patients with vestibular schwannoma and 1 patient with posterior fossa meningioma received operation under semi-sitting position. Catheterization at jugular bulb was conducted by puncture of jugular vein with central venous catheter under guidance of ultrasound. The central venous catheter was then connected to a pressure sensor to continuously monitor the jugular bulb pressure (JBP). Both JBP and VAE were continuously monitored during operation to explore the relationship between JBP and intraoperative VAE under semi-sitting position.
Under supine position, JBP significantly increased when the head was rotated 45° to the right compared with that recorded at neutral head position. NVP-BHG712 datasheet Among all 26 patients, VAE occurred in 4 (15.4%) cases during operation including 2 minor VAE and 2 moderate VAE. Among 3 patients with negative JBP relative to atmosphere pressure, 2 occurred VAE during operation; while only 2 patients occurred VAE among other 23 cases whose JBP was positive relative to atmosphere pressure (P=0.009).
The pressure of intracranial sinus could be continuously monitored by catheterization at jugular bulb. JBP monitoring could be used for prediction of intraoperative VAE. The rate of intraoperative VAE was significantly increased when JBP was negative relative to atmosphere pressure.
The pressure of intracranial sinus could be continuously monitored by catheterization at jugular bulb. JBP monitoring could be used for prediction of intraoperative VAE. The rate of intraoperative VAE was significantly increased when JBP was negative relative to atmosphere pressure.Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) has been performed for lumbar spinal restoration and stabilization without extensive paraspinal muscle damage or massive bleeding. The authors retrospectively investigated surgical results of multilevel ALIF followed by percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPSF) in adult lumbar spinal deformity (ALSD). This study included 28 patients with degenerative lumbar spinal deformity, who underwent selective multilevel ALIF and PPSF between January 2013 and August 2016 at our hospital. Standing X-rays were performed and coronal Cobb angle (CCA) of scoliosis, sagittal vertical axis (SVA), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), pelvic tilt (PT), and sacral slope (SS) were measured. Pain and functional assessment were performed using visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for low back pain and leg pain, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores. CCA, SVA and LL were significantly improved immediately after surgery and relatively well maintained until the last follow-up. After surgery, PT was significantly decreased and SS was increased, respectively. However, cases with SVA > 95 mm or PT > 30° showed a loss of correction in sagittal balance parameters to a greater extent at the last follow-up compared to the group of patients with minor sagittal imbalance. VAS scores for back and radicular pain, and ODI score were significantly decreased at the final follow-up (p 30˚.NVP-BHG712 datasheet
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