Disadvantages of Array:
1)Fixed Size
2)Wasted Memory or Insufficient Capacity
3)Only Homogeneous Data
4)No Built-in Methods for Advanced Operations:
Arrays don’t provide ready-made methods like searching, sorting, or resizing.
You need to write logic manually or use Arrays utility class, which is limited.
5)Memory Contiguity Requirement:
Arrays require continuous memory allocation.
For very large arrays, this may lead to OutOfMemoryError.
6)No Type Safety for Object Arrays:
When you create an array of objects, you can insert child class objects, but this may cause runtime errors if misused.
Frameworks:
A framework is a predefined set of classes, libraries, and tools provided by developers (or organizations) that helps you build applications more easily.
Keypoints of Frameworks:
1}Reusable Code – Provides pre-built functions and classes.
2)Standardization – Ensures developers follow common coding practices.
3)Productivity – Saves time because you don’t need to reinvent common features.
4)Integration – Comes with tools for database access, security, web handling, etc.
Benefits of Frameworks:
1)Faster Development:
Frameworks provide ready-made components, so you don’t need to code everything from scratch.
Example: Spring Boot, Spring, Hibernate etc.
2)Reusability:
Common tasks (like database connections, authentication, logging) are already available.
You can reuse code across multiple projects.
3)Consistency & Standardization:
All developers follow the same structure, making the code more organized and readable.
4)Security:
Many frameworks have built-in security features (like protection against SQL injection, XSS attacks, CSRF, etc.).
5)Testability:
Frameworks often come with built-in testing support (e.g., JUnit for unit testing in Java frameworks).
Collection:
A Collection in Java is a group of objects (called elements) that can be stored, retrieved, and manipulated together.
Java provides the Collection Framework (in java.util package) which gives ready-made classes and interfaces to store and process data efficiently.
Collection Framework Hierarchy:
Collection (Interface)
List → ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector, Stack
Set → HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet
Queue → PriorityQueue, ArrayDeque
Note:There’s also Map (HashMap, TreeMap, LinkedHashMap), but strictly speaking Map is not part of Collection interface, it’s part of the framework.
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