MANUAL TESTING

MANUALTESTING:
Manual testing is a technique to test the software that is carried out using the functions and features of an application . In manual software testing, a tester tests the software by following a set of predefined test cases. In this testing ,testers make test cases for the codes, test the software ,and give the final report about that software.

Characteristics of MANUAL TESTING:

1. Human performance
2. Investigative Testing
3. Flexibility
4. Initial testing
5. Examining complex situations
6. Testing User interfaces

Need for Manual Testing:

1. Bug-free and stability(stable ,requirement& delivers a stable product to the customers)
2. Familiarity(write correct test cases for the software)
3. Fixing the defects

Manual testing process:
Unit testing:
Unit Testing is also called Module Testing or Component Testing. It is done to check whether the individual unit or module of the source code is working properly.

Integration testing:
Integration Testing is the process of testing the interface between the two software units.

Regression testing:
Repeated testing of an already tested program, after modification, to discover any defects introduced or uncovered as a result of the changes in the software being tested or in another related or unrelated software components.
user interface testing:
security testing:
performance &acceptance testing:

Example: car is a software
Unit testing-->Engine

Types of Manual testing:
1.Black Box Testing:
Black Box Testing is a software testing method in which testers evaluate the functionality of the software under test without looking at the internal code structure. This can be applied to every level of software testing such as Unit, Integration, System and Acceptance Testing.

2.White Box Testing:
White Box Testing is also called as Glass Box, Clear Box, and Structural Testing. It is based on applications internal code structure. In white-box testing, an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases.

3.Grey Box Testing:
Grey box is the combination of both White Box and Black Box Testing. The tester who works on this type of testing needs to have access to design documents. This helps to create better test cases in this process.

Benefits of manual testing:
1.Fast and accurate visual feedback(detects almost every bug in the software application)
2.Less expensive(specific type of tool)
3.No coding is required(black box testing method using)
4.Efficient for unplanned changes

Drawbacks of manual testing:
1.Less reliable(not provide testing on all aspects testing)
2.Can not be reused(separate test cases for new software)
3.Time -consuming
4.Large human resources required