Kubernetes (K8s) Complete Guide

Kubernetes (K8s) Concepts Explained

Core Concepts

What is Kubernetes?

Think of Kubernetes as an advanced autopilot for your containerized applications.

• A container orchestration platform that automates application deployment and management
• Created by Google, now maintained by Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF)
• K8s = K + 8 letters + s (shorthand name)

Key Benefits

These are the main advantages that make K8s powerful:

Container Orchestration

• Like a conductor directing an orchestra of containers
• Automatically manages where and when containers run across multiple machines

Self-healing

• Automatically detects and replaces failed containers
• Like having a maintenance team that works 24/7

Horizontal Scaling

• Adds/removes application copies based on demand
• Similar to opening more checkout lines when store gets busy

Load Balancing

• Distributes incoming traffic across multiple containers
• Like a traffic controller directing cars to different lanes

Automated Rollouts/Rollbacks

• Safely updates applications with zero downtime
• Can undo changes if something goes wrong
• Like having an "undo" button for deployments

Secret Management

• Securely handles sensitive information (passwords, keys)
• Keeps secrets separate from application code

Architecture Components

Master Node (Control Plane)

The brain of the Kubernetes cluster:

API Server

• Front door for all Kubernetes operations
• All commands and communication go through here
• Like a security checkpoint at an airport

etcd

• Cluster's database that stores all configuration
• Like the cluster's memory bank
• Keeps track of cluster's state

Scheduler

• Decides which node should run which container
• Like an HR manager assigning work to employees
• Considers resources, constraints, and policies

Controller Manager

• Ensures desired state matches actual state
• Handles node failures, scaling, and updates
• Like a supervisor making sure everything runs correctly

Worker Node Components

The workhorses of the Kubernetes cluster:

Kubelet

• Main agent running on each node
• Ensures containers are healthy and running
• Like a team leader overseeing workers

Container Runtime

• Software that runs containers (Docker/containerd)
• Handles container lifecycle
• The actual worker doing the physical tasks

Kube Proxy

• Manages network rules on nodes
• Enables pod-to-pod communication
• Like a postal service for your cluster

Basic Objects and Resources

Pods

The smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes:

• Contains one or more containers
• Shares storage and network resources
• Ephemeral (temporary) by nature

ReplicaSets

Ensures high availability of applications:

• Maintains specified number of pod copies
• Automatically replaces failed pods
• Handles scaling up/down

Deployments

Manages application releases:

• Controls how updates happen
• Enables rollback if needed
• Manages the complete application lifecycle

Services

Provides stable networking:

Types:

1. ClusterIP

   • Internal cluster access only
   • Default service type

2. NodePort

   • Exposes service on each node's IP
   • Accessible from outside cluster

3. LoadBalancer

   • Exposes service externally
   • Uses cloud provider's load balancer

4. ExternalName

   • Maps service to external DNS name
   • Used for external service access

Volumes

Handles data persistence:

• Provides permanent storage for pods
• Survives container restarts
• Can be shared between containers

ConfigMaps and Secrets

Manages configuration and sensitive data:

• Separates configuration from code
• Securely handles sensitive information
• Can be updated without rebuilding containers

Advanced Concepts

StatefulSets

For stateful applications:

• Provides stable network identities
• Maintains ordered deployment/scaling
• Perfect for databases and stateful apps

DaemonSets

Runs pods on every node:

• One pod per node
• Ideal for monitoring/logging
• Automatically handles new nodes

Jobs and CronJobs

Handles task execution:

• Jobs: One-time tasks
• CronJobs: Scheduled tasks
• Perfect for batch processing

Ingress

Manages external access:

• HTTP/HTTPS routing
• SSL/TLS termination
• URL-based routing

Namespace

Provides resource isolation:

• Virtual clusters within cluster
• Separates resources by team/project
• Controls access and resource quotas

Best Practices

1. Resource Management

   • Always set resource limits
   • Monitor resource usage
   • Use horizontal scaling

2. Security

   • Use RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
   • Regularly rotate secrets
   • Keep images updated

3. High Availability

   • Use multiple replicas
   • Implement pod disruption budgets
   • Deploy across zones

4. Monitoring

   • Implement comprehensive logging
   • Set up alerting
   • Monitor cluster health