Application Security - SAST, SCA & DAST

Focus

This guide helps absolute beginners understand:

• What SAST, SCA, and DAST are
• Why we need all three
• How security tools actually find vulnerabilities
• How attackers exploit insecure applications
• How developers should fix issues

You will build, scan, attack a real application.

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Core Concepts (Before Touching Tools)

What is SAST?

Static Application Security Testing

• Scans source code
• Does not run the application
• Finds insecure coding patterns
• Best used early (IDE / Pull Requests)

Examples:

• Hardcoded secrets
• SQL injection patterns
• Command execution risks
• Insecure Deserialization (pickle)
• Arbitrary Code Execution (eval/exec)
• Unsafe YAML Loading (yaml.load)
• Path Traversal (tarfile.extractall)
• Insecure SSL/TLS (verify=False)
• Weak Cryptography (MD5/SHA1 usage)
• Insecure Temp Files (tempfile.mktemp)

Detailed Information

• Hardcoded secrets: Storing sensitive data like passwords or API keys directly in your code where anyone who sees the file can steal them.
• SQL injection patterns: Building database queries by gluing strings together, which lets hackers "trick" your database into deleting data or leaking secrets.
• Command execution risks: Passing user input directly to your operating system, allowing a hacker to run any command (like format C:) on your server.
• Insecure Deserialization (pickle): Using the pickle tool on data from the internet, which can automatically run hidden malicious code the moment the file is opened.
• Arbitrary Code Execution (eval/exec): Using functions that turn text into live code, effectively giving a stranger the keyboard to your application.
• Unsafe YAML Loading (yaml.load): Opening configuration files in a way that allows the file itself to trigger Python commands during the reading process.
• Path Traversal (tarfile.extractall): Unzipping files without checking their names, which can let a malicious file overwrite important system files outside your project folder.
• Insecure SSL/TLS (verify=False): Turning off "security checks" for internet connections, making it easy for hackers to spy on your encrypted data.
• Weak Cryptography (MD5/SHA1 usage): Using "broken" mathematical formulas to hide data that modern computers can crack in seconds.
• Insecure Temp Files (tempfile.mktemp): Creating a temporary file name without instantly "locking" it, creating a tiny window of time for a hacker to swap it with a malicious file.

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What is SCA?

Software Composition Analysis

• Scans dependencies
• Matches versions against known CVEs
• Answers: “Are we using vulnerable packages?”

Even perfect code can be insecure because of vulnerable libraries.

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What is DAST?

Dynamic Application Security Testing

• Attacks a running application
• No access to source code
• Simulates real attackers
• Finds exploitable vulnerabilities

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Why We Need All Three

Tool	Code	Dependencies	Running App
SAST	✅	❌	❌
SCA	❌	✅	❌
DAST	❌	❌	✅

👉 No single tool is enough.

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Lab Overview

We will:

1. Build a vulnerable Python app
2. Run SAST using SonarQube
3. Run SCA using pip-audit
4. Run DAST using OWASP ZAP
5. Compare findings
6. Understand how to fix them

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🏗️ Project Structure

vulnerable-app/
├── app.py
├── requirements.txt
├── users.db
└── sonar-project.properties

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Step 1: Vulnerable Application

app.py

from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
import sqlite3
import random

app = Flask(__name__)

DATABASE = "users.db"


def get_db():
    return sqlite3.connect(DATABASE)


@app.route("/")
def home():
    return "User Management Service"


@app.route("/user")
def get_user():
    user_id = request.args.get("id")

    conn = get_db()
    cursor = conn.cursor()

    query = f"SELECT id, username FROM users WHERE id = '{user_id}'"
    cursor.execute(query)

    user = cursor.fetchone()
    conn.close()

    if not user:
        return jsonify({"error": "User not found"}), 404

    return jsonify({"id": user[0], "username": user[1]})


@app.route("/token")
def generate_token():
    token = str(random.random())
    return jsonify({"token": token})


@app.route("/admin/calc")
def admin_calculate():
    expr = request.args.get("expr")
    result = eval(expr)
    return jsonify({"result": result})


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(debug=True)

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📦 Step 2: Vulnerable Dependencies

requirements.txt

flask==1.0
requests==2.19.1

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🔍 Step 3: SAST with SonarQube

Start SonarQube

docker run -d -p 9000:9000 --name sonarqube sonarqube:9.9-community

Open http://IP:9000

Login: admin/admin

---

sonar-project.properties

sonar.projectKey=vulnerable-python-app
sonar.projectName=Vulnerable Python App
sonar.sources=.
sonar.language=py
sonar.python.version=3

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Install Sonar Scanner

Follow the Instructions provided here:

https://docs.sonarsource.com/sonarqube-server/10.8/analyzing-source-code/scanners/sonarscanner

Install Sonar CLI

wget "https://binaries.sonarsource.com/Distribution/sonar-scanner-cli/sonar-scanner-cli-8.0.1.6346-linux-x64.zip"
sudo apt update
sudo apt install unzip -y
unzip sonar-scanner-cli-8.0.1.6346-linux-x64.zip
sudo mv sonar-scanner-8.0.1.6346-linux-x64 /opt/sonar-scanner
nano ~/.bashrc
export SONAR_SCANNER_HOME=/opt/sonar-scanner
export PATH="$SONAR_SCANNER_HOME/bin:$PATH"
source ~/.bashrc

Run Scan

sonar-scanner -Dsonar.host.url=http://IP:9000 -Dsonar.login=<TOKEN>

• Check severity
• Block merge if Critical/Blocker
• Assign issue
• Fix or justify
• Re-run scan
• Track metrics
• Improve the process of recurring

Expected Findings

• Hardcoded secrets
• SQL injection risks
• Command injection risks
• Debug mode enabled

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Step 4: SCA with pip-audit

sudo apt update
sudo apt install python3-venv python3-full -y
python3 -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate
pip install pip-audit
pip-audit -r requirements.txt

Now, we will check that CVE on the internet

Expected Findings

• Vulnerable Flask version
• Vulnerable Requests version

---

Application runs at http://IP:5000

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🕷️ Step 6: DAST with OWASP ZAP

Run the Juice Shop Application

docker run -d \
  --name juice-shop \
  -p 3000:3000 \
  bkimminich/juice-shop

Open in browser:

IP:3000

Scan target by running ZAP from cli

docker run --rm \
  -v "$(pwd):/zap/wrk" \
  -t ghcr.io/zaproxy/zaproxy:stable \
  zap-baseline.py \
  -t http://IP:3000 \
  -r zap-report.html

Scan target by running ZAP from UI

docker run -it \                                                                 
  -p 8080:8080 \
  ghcr.io/zaproxy/zaproxy:stable \
  zap-webswing.sh

Open Zap UI:

http://localhost:8080/zap

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Compare Results

Issue	SAST	SCA	DAST
Hardcoded Secret	✅	❌	❌
Vulnerable Library	❌	✅	❌
SQL Injection	✅	❌	✅
Command Injection	✅	❌	✅

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🛠️ What to Fix Next

• Use parameterised SQL queries
• Remove shell=True
• Move secrets to environment variables
• Upgrade dependencies
• Disable debug mode

Re-run scans and observe improvements 🚀

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Comments

[Jigar Shah]

Indeed, SAST and DAST are two prominent methods for application security testing. SAST involves testing applications using the source code and DAST tests applications using simulated attacks.