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Cristian Sifuentes
Cristian Sifuentes

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Bits & Bytes Explained — The True Foundation of All Software

#computerscience #beginners #programming #ai

Bits & Bytes Explained — The True Foundation of All Software

Bits & Bytes Explained — The True Foundation of All Software

Every message you send, every image you see, every app you open — from emojis to operating systems — is built on two deceptively simple concepts:

bits and bytes.

They are the atoms of the digital world.

And if you truly want to understand software engineering, you must understand them deeply.

This article breaks down what bits and bytes really are, why they exist, and how they power everything from IP addresses to emojis.

What Is a Bit?

A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of information in computing.

It can exist in only two possible states:

  • 0 or 1
  • off or on
  • false or true
  • low voltage or high voltage

At the physical level, a bit is implemented using a transistor — a tiny electronic switch that either allows electricity to flow or blocks it.

In electronic circuits:

  • A high voltage (for example, 5V) represents 1
  • A low voltage (0V) represents 0

These voltage changes occur at precise intervals, controlled by the processor’s clock speed.

💡 Key idea:

A bit is not abstract — it is a physical phenomenon expressed as electricity.

The Binary System: How Computers Think

Because bits have only two states, computers operate using the binary number system (base 2).

Using combinations of 0 and 1, computers can represent:

  • Numbers
  • Letters
  • Images
  • Audio
  • Video
  • Entire operating systems

For example:

01000001
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In binary, this sequence represents the letter A in ASCII.

But working with individual bits would be extremely inefficient — so we group them.

What Is a Byte?

A byte is a group of 8 bits.

It is the standard unit used to:

  • Measure storage capacity
  • Measure data transfer
  • Represent characters and symbols

A byte can represent 256 possible values, ranging from 0 to 255.

That’s because:

2⁸ = 256
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Although there is no universal symbol:

  • “B” is commonly used in English-speaking countries
  • “o” is used in French-speaking regions
  • The byte is also known as an octet

Why 8 Bits per Byte?

The 8-bit byte became standard in the 1960s, largely influenced by IBM, a pioneer of modern computing.

Early processors were designed with 8 internal data lines, which offered the best balance between:

  • performance
  • cost
  • reliability

Interestingly, Soviet computers in the 1970s used architectures based on 12, 18, 24, or 48 bits, which made them incompatible with Western systems.

Standardization won — and the 8-bit byte became universal.

What Is a Byte Used For?

Storage & Data Size

When you see file sizes like:

  • 1 KB
  • 5 MB
  • 2 GB

You’re looking at bytes.

A 1 MB file means approximately 1 million bytes of data.

Every text file, image, song, or application has a size measured in bytes.

Characters & Text (ASCII)

Bytes are also used to represent characters.

Using the ASCII table, each character maps to a numeric value:

  • A → 65
  • @ → 64
  • 0 → 48

This is how computers store and display text.

Bits Inside a Byte: The Most Significant Bit (MSB)

Not all bits inside a byte are equal.

Each bit has a positional value, and the bit with the highest value is called the Most Significant Bit (MSB).

By convention:

  • The MSB is the leftmost bit
  • It often determines sign or magnitude in numeric representations

Understanding MSB is essential when working with:

  • low-level programming
  • networking
  • binary arithmetic

Byte Size Conversion Table

Unit Equivalent
1 byte 8 bits
1 Kilobyte (KB) 1024 bytes
1 Megabyte (MB) 1024 KB
1 Gigabyte (GB) 1024 MB
1 Terabyte (TB) 1024 GB

Bytes in Everyday Technology

You interact with bytes constantly — even if you don’t realize it.

IP Addresses

An address like 192.168.1.1 consists of 4 bytes.
That’s why each number ranges from 0 to 255.

Images

Digital images are grids of pixels.
Each pixel’s color is determined by bytes representing red, green, and blue intensity.

Emojis

Modern emojis often require 4 bytes under the Unicode standard.

Fun fact:

Sebastián Delmont, a Venezuelan engineer and former Platzi team member, helped integrate the arepa emoji 🫓 into Unicode.

Beyond Binary: Other Number Systems

While humans use decimal (base 10), programmers often use:

Binary (base 2)

  • Uses only 0 and 1

Hexadecimal (base 16)

  • Uses digits 0–9 and letters A–F
  • Compact and readable representation of binary data

Example:

  • One byte → 11111111 (binary)
  • Same byte → FF (hexadecimal)

This is why hex is common in:

  • memory addresses
  • colors (#FF5733)
  • debugging tools

Why This Matters for Software Engineers

Understanding bits and bytes helps you:

  • Reason about performance
  • Understand memory and storage
  • Debug low-level issues
  • Design efficient systems
  • Think like the machine does

High-level abstractions are powerful — but clarity comes from fundamentals.

Final Thoughts

Everything digital — from simple messages to complex applications — is built on the simple yet powerful ideas of bits and bytes.

Mastering these concepts doesn’t just make you a better programmer.

It makes you a better engineer.

✍️ Written by Cristian Sifuentes

Software engineering fundamentals, systems thinking, and architecture

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