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Dart Object Oriented For Beginner : Expense Manager Case Study Part 1

Lesson 1: What is OOP? (Why We Need It)

Duration: 15 minutes

App Feature: 🎯 Planning our Expense Manager

What You'll Learn: Understand how OOP helps organize our expense tracking app


Introduction

Welcome to your journey of learning Dart and Object-Oriented Programming! Instead of learning abstract concepts, we're going to build a real expense manager app together. By the end of this tutorial, you'll understand not just what OOP is, but why it's essential for building apps.


The Problem: Life Without OOP

Imagine you want to track your expenses. Let's say you want to record:

  • A coffee you bought for $4.50
  • Groceries for $85.50
  • Netflix subscription for $15.99

Approach 1: Separate Variables (The Worst Way)

void main() {
  // First expense - Coffee
  String expense1Description = 'Coffee';
  double expense1Amount = 4.50;
  String expense1Category = 'Food';
  DateTime expense1Date = DateTime.now();

  // Second expense - Groceries
  String expense2Description = 'Groceries';
  double expense2Amount = 85.50;
  String expense2Category = 'Food';
  DateTime expense2Date = DateTime.now();

  // Third expense - Netflix
  String expense3Description = 'Netflix';
  double expense3Amount = 15.99;
  String expense3Category = 'Entertainment';
  DateTime expense3Date = DateTime.now();

  print('Expense 1: $expense1Description - \$expense1Amount');
  print('Expense 2: $expense2Description - \$expense2Amount');
  print('Expense 3: $expense3Description - \$expense3Amount');
}
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Problems:

  • ❌ Messy and repetitive - We need 4 variables for each expense!
  • ❌ Hard to manage - 50 expenses = 200 variables!
  • ❌ No relationship - Nothing connects expense1Description with expense1Amount
  • ❌ Error-prone - Easy to mix up expense1Amount with expense2Amount
  • ❌ Can't reuse code - Want to calculate total? You need to add each variable manually

πŸ”΄ Real Problem Example:

void main() {
  String expense1Description = 'Coffee';
  double expense1Amount = 4.50;
  String expense1Category = 'Food';

  String expense2Description = 'Lunch';
  double expense2Amount = 12.50;
  String expense2Category = 'Food';

  // You want to calculate total food expenses
  // You have to manually remember and type each variable!
  double foodTotal = expense1Amount + expense2Amount;  // Only works for 2 expenses

  // What if you have 10 food expenses? You have to type all 10!
  // What if you accidentally use the wrong variable?
  double wrongTotal = expense1Amount + expense1Amount;  // BUG! Used expense1 twice

  // Want to find the most expensive? Manual comparison for each one!
  double mostExpensive = expense1Amount;
  if (expense2Amount > mostExpensive) {
    mostExpensive = expense2Amount;
  }
  // Imagine doing this for 50 expenses... nightmare!
}
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The nightmare scenario:

// You have 20 expenses, then you want to add a new field "notes"
// Now you need to add 20 new variables!
String expense1Notes = 'Morning coffee';
String expense2Notes = 'Lunch with team';
String expense3Notes = 'Monthly subscription';
// ... 17 more variables!

// This is completely unmaintainable! 😱
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Approach 2: Using Arrays/Lists (Better, but Still Problematic)

void main() {
  // Use lists to group data
  List<String> descriptions = ['Coffee', 'Groceries', 'Netflix'];
  List<double> amounts = [4.50, 85.50, 15.99];
  List<String> categories = ['Food', 'Food', 'Entertainment'];
  List<DateTime> dates = [DateTime.now(), DateTime.now(), DateTime.now()];

  // Print expenses
  for (int i = 0; i < descriptions.length; i++) {
    print('${descriptions[i]}: \${amounts[i]} [${categories[i]}]');
  }

  // Calculate total - much easier!
  double total = 0;
  for (var amount in amounts) {
    total += amount;
  }
  print('\nTotal: \${total.toStringAsFixed(2)}');
}
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This is better because:

  • βœ… Can handle any number of expenses
  • βœ… Easier to calculate totals
  • βœ… Less variables overall

But still has problems:

  • ❌ Data is disconnected - descriptions[0] relates to amounts[0], but nothing enforces this
  • ❌ Easy to make mistakes - What if you add to descriptions but forget to add to amounts?
  • ❌ Hard to maintain - Adding a new field means adding a new list everywhere
  • ❌ Confusing indices - Was index 2 the Netflix or the groceries?
  • ❌ Can get out of sync - If you delete from one list but not others, everything breaks!

πŸ”΄ Real Problem Example - Data Gets Out of Sync:

void main() {
  List<String> descriptions = ['Coffee', 'Groceries', 'Netflix'];
  List<double> amounts = [4.50, 85.50, 15.99];
  List<String> categories = ['Food', 'Food', 'Entertainment'];

  print('Before deletion:');
  for (int i = 0; i < descriptions.length; i++) {
    print('${descriptions[i]}: \${amounts[i]} [${categories[i]}]');
  }

  // User deletes "Groceries" - you remove from descriptions
  descriptions.removeAt(1);  // Remove "Groceries"

  // Oops! Forgot to remove from amounts and categories!
  // Now everything is WRONG!

  print('\nAfter deletion:');
  for (int i = 0; i < descriptions.length; i++) {
    print('${descriptions[i]}: \${amounts[i]} [${categories[i]}]');
  }

  /* OUTPUT - EVERYTHING IS WRONG! 😱
  Before deletion:
  Coffee: $4.50 [Food]
  Groceries: $85.50 [Food]
  Netflix: $15.99 [Entertainment]

  After deletion:
  Coffee: $4.50 [Food]        βœ“ Correct
  Netflix: $85.50 [Food]      βœ— WRONG! Should be $15.99 [Entertainment]
  */
}
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πŸ”΄ Real Problem Example - Adding New Data:

void main() {
  List<String> descriptions = ['Coffee', 'Lunch'];
  List<double> amounts = [4.50, 12.50];
  List<String> categories = ['Food', 'Food'];

  // You want to add a new expense
  descriptions.add('Netflix');
  amounts.add(15.99);
  // Oops! Forgot to add to categories!

  // Later, you try to access all data...
  for (int i = 0; i < descriptions.length; i++) {
    print('${descriptions[i]}: \${amounts[i]} [${categories[i]}]');
  }

  /* CRASH! πŸ’₯
  RangeError: Index out of range
  Because categories only has 2 items but we're trying to access index 2!
  */
}
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πŸ”΄ Real Problem Example - Adding a New Field:

void main() {
  // You have expenses stored in 3 lists
  List<String> descriptions = ['Coffee', 'Lunch', 'Uber', 'Movie'];
  List<double> amounts = [4.50, 12.50, 8.00, 15.00];
  List<String> categories = ['Food', 'Food', 'Transport', 'Entertainment'];

  // Now you want to add "payment method" to track how you paid
  // You need to create a NEW list and initialize ALL existing data
  List<String> paymentMethods = ['Cash', 'Card', 'Cash', 'Card'];

  // Then update ALL your code that works with expenses
  // Every loop needs to be updated!
  for (int i = 0; i < descriptions.length; i++) {
    print('${descriptions[i]}: \${amounts[i]} [${categories[i]}] - ${paymentMethods[i]}');
  }

  // Now you have 4 lists to keep in sync! 
  // What if you want to add "notes" too? That's 5 lists!
  // This gets unmanageable FAST! 😰
}
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Approach 3: Using Maps (Even Better, but Still Not Ideal)

void main() {
  // Each expense is a map
  List<Map<String, dynamic>> expenses = [
    {
      'description': 'Coffee',
      'amount': 4.50,
      'category': 'Food',
      'date': DateTime.now(),
    },
    {
      'description': 'Groceries',
      'amount': 85.50,
      'category': 'Food',
      'date': DateTime.now(),
    },
    {
      'description': 'Netflix',
      'amount': 15.99,
      'category': 'Entertainment',
      'date': DateTime.now(),
    },
  ];

  // Print expenses
  for (var expense in expenses) {
    print('${expense['description']}: \${expense['amount']} [${expense['category']}]');
  }

  // Calculate total
  double total = 0;
  for (var expense in expenses) {
    total += expense['amount'];
  }
  print('\nTotal: \${total.toStringAsFixed(2)}');
}
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This is much better because:

  • βœ… Data stays together - can't get out of sync
  • βœ… Easy to add expenses
  • βœ… Easy to add new fields

But still has problems:

  • ❌ Typos cause bugs - 'ammount' vs 'amount' won't show an error!
  • ❌ No type safety - Could accidentally put a string where a number should be
  • ❌ No methods - Can't add functions like isExpensive() or getFormattedAmount()
  • ❌ No validation - Nothing stops you from creating invalid expenses
  • ❌ Hard to read - expense['description'] is confusing

πŸ”΄ Real Problem Example - Typos Are Silent:

void main() {
  var expense = {
    'description': 'Coffee',
    'amoutn': 4.50,  // TYPO! Should be 'amount'
    'category': 'Food',
  };

  // Try to get the amount
  print('Amount: ${expense['amount']}');  // Prints: Amount: null

  // No error! The typo is silent and gives you null
  // You won't know there's a bug until runtime!

  // Try to calculate total
  double total = 0;
  List<Map<String, dynamic>> expenses = [expense];

  for (var exp in expenses) {
    total += exp['amount'] ?? 0;  // Have to use ?? because might be null
  }

  print('Total: $total');  // Total: 0 (WRONG! Should be 4.50)
  // The bug is hidden! No error message! 😱
}
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πŸ”΄ Real Problem Example - Wrong Types Accepted:

void main() {
  // These compile fine but are completely wrong!
  var badExpense1 = {
    'description': 'Coffee',
    'amount': 'four dollars fifty',  // String instead of number!
    'category': 'Food',
  };

  var badExpense2 = {
    'description': 12345,  // Number instead of string!
    'amount': 'expensive',  // String instead of number!
    'category': DateTime.now(),  // DateTime instead of string!
  };

  // No errors during compilation!
  // But when you try to use them...

  List<Map<String, dynamic>> expenses = [badExpense1, badExpense2];

  double total = 0;
  for (var expense in expenses) {
    // This will crash! Can't add a string to a number
    total += expense['amount'];  // πŸ’₯ Runtime error!
  }
}
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πŸ”΄ Real Problem Example - No Autocomplete:

void main() {
  var expense = {
    'description': 'Coffee',
    'amount': 4.50,
    'category': 'Food',
    'paymentMethod': 'Cash',
  };

  // When typing, your IDE doesn't help you!
  // You have to remember: was it 'description' or 'desc'?
  // Was it 'category' or 'cat'? 
  // Was it 'paymentMethod' or 'payment_method'?

  print(expense['descryption']);  // Typo! Returns null, no error
  print(expense['kategory']);     // Typo! Returns null, no error
  print(expense['payment']);      // Typo! Returns null, no error

  // With classes, IDE autocomplete helps you avoid typos!
}
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πŸ”΄ Real Problem Example - No Validation:

void main() {
  // Nothing stops you from creating completely invalid data!
  var invalidExpense = {
    'description': '',  // Empty string - should not be allowed!
    'amount': -100.50,  // Negative amount - impossible!
    'category': 'asdfgh',  // Invalid category
    'date': 'yesterday',  // String instead of DateTime!
  };

  // This compiles and runs!
  // Your app will have bad data and bugs everywhere

  List<Map<String, dynamic>> expenses = [invalidExpense];

  // Later, your code assumes valid data...
  for (var expense in expenses) {
    if (expense['description'].isEmpty) {  // Wait, what is this expense?
      print('Warning: Empty expense!');
    }

    if (expense['amount'] < 0) {  // Negative money?!
      print('Warning: Negative expense!');
    }

    // You need to manually check EVERYTHING!
    // With classes, validation happens automatically!
  }
}
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The Journey So Far:

Approach Main Problem Example Issue
Separate Variables Can't scale Need 200 variables for 50 expenses
Arrays Gets out of sync Delete from one list, forget another β†’ data mismatch
Maps No type safety Typos and wrong types = silent bugs

All of these approaches share common problems:

  • 😰 Easy to make mistakes
  • πŸ› Bugs are hidden until runtime
  • πŸ“ No IDE help (autocomplete)
  • ❌ No validation
  • πŸ”§ Hard to add features
  • πŸ“š Can't add related functions

We need a solution that:

  • βœ… Keeps data together
  • βœ… Catches errors at compile time
  • βœ… Provides IDE autocomplete
  • βœ… Allows validation
  • βœ… Lets us add methods
  • βœ… Is easy to read and maintain

That solution is... Object-Oriented Programming with Classes! πŸŽ‰


The Problem: Life Without OOP

Imagine you want to track your expenses. Let's say you want to record:

  • A coffee you bought for $4.50
  • Groceries for $85.50
  • Netflix subscription for $15.99

Approach 1: Separate Variables (The Bad Way)

void main() {
  // First expense - Coffee
  String expense1Description = 'Coffee';
  double expense1Amount = 4.50;
  String expense1Category = 'Food';
  DateTime expense1Date = DateTime.now();

  // Second expense - Groceries
  String expense2Description = 'Groceries';
  double expense2Amount = 85.50;
  String expense2Category = 'Food';
  DateTime expense2Date = DateTime.now();

  // Third expense - Netflix
  String expense3Description = 'Netflix';
  double expense3Amount = 15.99;
  String expense3Category = 'Entertainment';
  DateTime expense3Date = DateTime.now();

  print('Expense 1: $expense1Description - \$$expense1Amount');
  print('Expense 2: $expense2Description - \$$expense2Amount');
  print('Expense 3: $expense3Description - \$$expense3Amount');
}
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Problems with This Approach:

  1. Messy and repetitive - We need 4 variables for each expense!
  2. Hard to manage - What if you have 50 expenses? That's 200 variables!
  3. No relationship - Nothing connects expense1Description with expense1Amount
  4. Error-prone - Easy to mix up expense1Amount with expense2Amount
  5. Can't reuse code - Want to calculate total? You need to add each variable manually

Try to imagine tracking 10 expenses this way... That's 40 separate variables! 😱


The Solution: Object-Oriented Programming

OOP lets us bundle related data together. Instead of 4 separate variables per expense, we create a blueprint (called a class) and make objects from it.

Think of it Like This:

🏠 Analogy 1: House Blueprint

House Blueprint (Class)

  • A blueprint shows what every house should have: rooms, doors, windows
  • It's not an actual house, just a template
  • You can't live in a blueprint!

Actual Houses (Objects)

  • You can build many houses from one blueprint
  • Each house is unique (different colors, sizes) but follows the blueprint
  • These are real houses people can live in

πŸͺ Analogy 2: Cookie Cutter

Cookie Cutter (Class)

  • The cookie cutter defines the shape
  • It's just a tool, not something you can eat
  • One cookie cutter can make hundreds of cookies

Actual Cookies (Objects)

  • Each cookie is made from the same cutter
  • But each can have different decorations, flavors
  • These are the real cookies you can eat!

πŸ“± Analogy 3: Smartphone Model

iPhone Design/Model (Class)

  • Apple designs one iPhone 15 model
  • The design specifies: screen size, camera specs, processor
  • You can't make calls on a design document!

Your Actual iPhone (Object)

  • Your specific iPhone 15 with your apps, photos, contacts
  • Your friend's iPhone 15 with their different data
  • Each is a real, working phone created from the same design

πŸš— Analogy 4: Car Manufacturing

Tesla Model 3 Blueprint (Class)

  • Tesla's design for Model 3
  • Specifies: 4 wheels, electric motor, touchscreen, autopilot
  • Can't drive a blueprint!

Actual Tesla Cars (Objects)

  • Each Model 3 rolling off the assembly line
  • Same design, but different colors, VIN numbers, owners
  • These are real cars you can drive!

πŸŽ‚ Analogy 5: Cake Recipe

Chocolate Cake Recipe (Class)

  • Recipe lists ingredients: flour, sugar, eggs, chocolate
  • Lists steps: mix, bake, cool
  • You can't eat a recipe!

Actual Cakes (Objects)

  • Each cake you bake following the recipe
  • Same recipe, but might have different decorations
  • These are real cakes you can eat!

In Programming:

πŸ“‹ Expense Class (Blueprint)

  • Defines what every expense should have: description, amount, category, date
  • Defines what every expense can do: calculate total, check if expensive
  • Just a template, not actual data
  • You can't track spending with just a class!

πŸ’° Expense Objects (Actual Expenses)

  • Coffee expense: $4.50, Food, Today
  • Netflix expense: $15.99, Entertainment, Today
  • Rent expense: $1200, Bills, This month
  • Each is a real expense created from the template
  • These are your actual spending records!

Key Understanding:

Class (Blueprint)           β†’    Objects (Real Things)
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cookie Cutter              β†’    Cookie #1, Cookie #2, Cookie #3
iPhone Design              β†’    Your iPhone, Friend's iPhone
Car Blueprint              β†’    Car with VIN 123, Car with VIN 456
Recipe                     β†’    Cake you baked today, Cake from yesterday
Expense Class              β†’    Coffee expense, Rent expense, Gas expense

ONE CLASS                  β†’    MANY OBJECTS
(Define once)              β†’    (Create as many as you need)
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The Power:

  • ✨ Define the structure once (the class)
  • πŸš€ Create unlimited real instances (objects)
  • 🎯 Each object has its own data
  • πŸ”§ All objects follow the same structure
  • πŸ’ͺ Change the class, all objects get the update!

Understanding Classes and Objects

What is a Class?

A class is a blueprint or template that defines:

  • Properties (data): what information it stores
  • Methods (actions): what it can do

Think of it as a cookie cutter - it shapes what the cookies will look like, but it's not the cookie itself.

What is an Object?

An object is an actual instance created from a class.

Think of it as the cookies - real things you can eat, made from the cookie cutter template.


Our First Look at OOP Code

Don't worry if you don't understand everything yet - we'll learn step by step. This is just to show you the difference:

// The BLUEPRINT - This is a class
class Expense {
  String description;
  double amount;
  String category;
  DateTime date;

  // Constructor - required to initialize all properties
  Expense({
    required this.description,
    required this.amount,
    required this.category,
    required this.date,
  });
}

void main() {
  // Creating OBJECTS from the blueprint
  var coffee = Expense(
    description: 'Coffee',
    amount: 4.50,
    category: 'Food',
    date: DateTime.now(),
  );

  var netflix = Expense(
    description: 'Netflix',
    amount: 15.99,
    category: 'Entertainment',
    date: DateTime.now(),
  );

  print('${coffee.description}: \${coffee.amount}');
  print('${netflix.description}: \${netflix.amount}');
}
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Output:

Coffee: $4.50
Netflix: $15.99
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See the difference?

  • We defined the Expense structure once
  • We created multiple expenses easily
  • Each expense is a separate object with its own data
  • The code is cleaner and more organized
  • Dart's null safety ensures we never forget to set required values!

Why OOP Matters for Your Expense Manager

As we build our expense manager app, you'll see how OOP helps us:

1. Organization

Without OOP: 100 expenses = 400+ variables floating around
With OOP: 100 expense objects, each neatly packaged
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2. Reusability

// Want to add a new expense? Just create an object!
var lunch = Expense(
  description: 'Lunch',
  amount: 12.50,
  category: 'Food',
  date: DateTime.now(),
);
var dinner = Expense(
  description: 'Dinner',
  amount: 25.00,
  category: 'Food',
  date: DateTime.now(),
);
var gas = Expense(
  description: 'Gas',
  amount: 45.00,
  category: 'Transport',
  date: DateTime.now(),
);
// Same blueprint, different data
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3. Maintainability

// Need to add a "notes" field to all expenses?
// Change the class ONCE, all objects get the new feature
class Expense {
  String description;
  double amount;
  String category;
  DateTime date;
  String? notes; // Added here - affects all expenses! (? means optional)

  Expense({
    required this.description,
    required this.amount,
    required this.category,
    required this.date,
    this.notes, // Optional parameter
  });
}
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4. Real-World Modeling

Your app will have:
- Expense objects (each purchase)
- Category objects (Food, Transport, etc.)
- Budget objects (monthly limits)
- User object (your profile)

Each is a separate class, working together!
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The Four Pillars of OOP

As we build our expense manager, we'll learn these four core concepts:

1. Encapsulation πŸ”’

Bundle data and methods together, hide internal details.

In our app: Keep expense data safe, validate amounts (can't be negative!)

2. Inheritance 🌳

Create new classes based on existing ones.

In our app: RecurringExpense (like Netflix) inherits from Expense but adds frequency

3. Polymorphism 🎭

One action, multiple forms.

In our app: All expenses can printDetails(), but recurring ones show frequency too

4. Abstraction 🎯

Hide complex details, show only what's necessary.

In our app: You don't need to know HOW expenses are stored, just add/view/delete them

Don't worry if these seem confusing now! We'll learn each one by actually using it in our app.


What We're Building Together

Over the next lessons, we'll build a complete expense tracking system:

πŸ“± Expense Manager App
β”œβ”€β”€ πŸ’° Expense Class
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Track amount, date, category
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Validate data (no negative amounts!)
β”‚   └── Calculate totals
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ πŸ”„ RecurringExpense Class
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Monthly bills (rent, subscriptions)
β”‚   └── Calculate yearly costs
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 🎯 OneTimeExpense Class
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Special purchases (gifts, emergencies)
β”‚   └── Tag occasions
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ πŸ’³ PaymentMethod Classes
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Credit card, cash, digital wallet
β”‚   └── Process payments differently
β”‚
└── πŸ“Š ExpenseManager Class
    β”œβ”€β”€ Store all expenses
    β”œβ”€β”€ Filter by category
    β”œβ”€β”€ Calculate totals
    └── Generate reports
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Quick Check: Do You Understand?

Before moving to the next lesson, make sure you can answer these:

βœ… Self-Check Questions:

  1. What's the difference between a class and an object? Click to see answer
  • Class = Blueprint/template (defines structure)
  • Object = Actual instance (real data)
  • Example: Expense is the class, your coffee purchase is an object
  1. Why is OOP better than using separate variables? Click to see answer
  • Organizes related data together
  • Easier to manage many items
  • Less error-prone
  • Code is reusable
  1. Name one real-world example of a class and its objects Click to see answer

Examples:

  • Class: Car β†’ Objects: Your Toyota, Your friend's Honda
  • Class: Student β†’ Objects: John, Sarah, Mike
  • Class: Song β†’ Objects: "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Hotel California"

Try It Yourself! 🎯

Before moving to Lesson 2, think about what properties an Expense should have:

Your Task:

Write down (on paper or in notes) what information you'd want to track for each expense:

Example answers:

  • βœ“ Description (what you bought)
  • βœ“ Amount (how much it cost)
  • βœ“ Category (Food, Transport, etc.)
  • βœ“ Date (when you bought it)
  • ? What else would be useful?

Bonus questions to think about:

  • Should expenses have a unique ID number?
  • Should we track the payment method (cash, card)?
  • Should we allow notes or tags?

We'll use your ideas in the next lesson when we actually create the Expense class!


Key Takeaways πŸŽ“

Before moving forward, remember:

βœ… OOP organizes code into objects - like real-world things

βœ… Classes are blueprints - they define structure

βœ… Objects are instances - actual data created from classes

βœ… OOP makes code cleaner - easier to read and maintain

βœ… Perfect for apps - Flutter itself is built on OOP principles


What's Next?

In Lesson 2, we'll:

  • Write our first Expense class
  • Create actual expense objects
  • Learn about constructors
  • Add methods to print expense details
  • See our code actually work!

Time to get hands-on and write real code! πŸš€


Need Help?

Common questions beginners ask:

Q: Do I need to memorize all the OOP terms?

A: No! Focus on understanding the concepts. The terms will become natural as you use them.

Q: Is OOP hard?

A: It might feel strange at first, but by building a real app, you'll see why it's actually easier than the alternative!

Q: Can I skip OOP and just learn Flutter?

A: Flutter IS built with OOP! Every widget is a class. Understanding OOP will make Flutter much easier.

Q: What if I get stuck?

A: That's normal! Re-read sections, try the examples, and remember - we're building this step by step together.


Ready for Lesson 2? Let's write some code! β†’

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