Controlled vs Uncontrolled Components in React

Controlled Components: React Components that control the state of form elements via state or props, i.e., every state mutation will have an associated handler function.

Characteristics

• Value controlled by state - element value is bound to state variable
• Requires event handler - To update the state you need event handler
• Predictable - Since the component state represents the input value, the component is predictable and easy to debug
• React Handles the input data and doesn't rely on DOM to keep track of the current input value

import React, { useState } from 'react';

function ControlledForm() {
  const [value, setValue] = useState('');

  const handleChange = (event) => {
    setValue(event.target.value);
  };

  return (
    <form>
      <input 
        type="text" 
        value={value} 
        onChange={handleChange} 
      />
    </form>
  );
}

Uncontrolled Components: React Component where DOM itself handles the form element's state. React accesses the input value via ref, which stores its own state internally, and you query the DOM using a ref to find its current value when you need it. This is a bit more like traditional HTML.

Characteristics

• Value controlled by DOM - The input field's value is not bound to a state variable.
• Uses Ref to access a value or to get the value of input element when needed
• They are simpler to set up if you don't need real-time control over input.
• Suitable for scenarios where react state isn't required to control the input.

import React, { useRef } from 'react';

function UncontrolledForm() {
  const inputRef = useRef();

  const handleSubmit = (event) => {
    event.preventDefault();
    alert('Input Value: ' + inputRef.current.value);
  };

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <input type="text" ref={inputRef} />
      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  );
}

Here's a comparison table between controlled and uncontrolled components:

When to use when
Controlled - for real-time validations, input formatting, or immediate feedback.
Uncontrolled - used for simple use cases like file uploads pre-filled form value isn't frequent or needs to be deferred until form submission.