an elegant way to fix user IDs in docker containers using docker_userid_fixer

what is it about?

It's about a rather technical issue in using docker containers that interact with the docker host computer, generally related to using the host filesystem inside the container.
That happens in particular in reproducible research context.
I developed an opensource utility that helps tackling that issue.

docker containers as execution environments

The initial and main use case of a docker container: a self-contained application that only interacts with the host system with some network ports.
Think of a web application: the docker container typically contains a web server and a web application, running for example on port 80 (inside the container). The container is then run on the host, by binding the container internal port 80 to a host port (e.g. 8000).
Then the only interaction between the containerized app and the host system is via this bound network port.

Containers as execution environments are completely different:

• instead of containerizing an application, it's the application build system that is containerized.
  • it could a be a compiler, an IDE, a notebook engine, a Quarto publishing system...
• the goals are:
  • to have an standard, easy to install and share environment
    • imagine a complex build environment, with fixed versions of R, python and zillions of external packages. Installing everything with the right versions can be a very difficult and time-consuming task. By sharing a docker image containing everything already installed and pre-configured is a real time-saver.
  • to have a reproducible environment
    • by using it, you are able to reproduce some analysis results, since you are using very same controlled environment
    • you can also easily reproduce bugs, which is the first step to fixing them

But, in order to use those execution environments, those containers must have access to the host system, in particular to the host user filesystem.

docker containers and the host filesystem

Suppose you have containerized an IDE, e.g. Rstudio.
Your Rstudio is installed and running inside the docker container, but it needs to read and edit files in your project folder.

For that you bind mount your project folder (in your host filesystem) using the docker run --volume option.
Then your files are accessible from withing the docker container.

The challenge now are the file permissions. Suppose your host user has userid 1001, and suppose that the user owning the Rsudio process in the container is either 0 (root), or 1002.

If the container user is root, then it will have no issue in reading your files.
But as soon as you edit some existing files, are produce new ones (e.g. pdf, html), these files will belong to root also on the host filesystem!.
Meaning that your local host user will not be able to use them, or delete them, since they belong to root.

Now if the container user id is 1002, Rstudio may not be able to read your files, edit them or produce new files.
Even if it can, by settings some very permissive permissions, your local host user may not be able to use them.

Of course one bruteforce way of solving that issue is to run with root both on the host computer and withing the docker container. This is not always possible and raise some obvious critical security concerns.

solving the file owner issue part 1: the docker run --user option

Because we can not know in advance what will be the host userid (here 1001), we can not pre-configure
the userid of the docker container user.

docker run now provides a --user option that enables to create a pseudo user with some supplied userid
at runtime. For example, docker run --user 1001 ... will create a docker container running with processes
belonging to a user with userid 1001.

So what are we still discussing this issue? Isn't it solved?

Here some quirks about that dynamically created user:

• it is a pseudo user
• it does not have a home directory (/home/xxx)
• it does not appear in /etc/passwd
• it can not be preconfigured, e.g. with a bash profile, some env vars, application defaults etc...

We can work-around these problems, but it can be tedious and frustrating.
What we'd really like, is to pre-configure a docker container user, and be able to dynamically change his userid at runtime...

solving the file owner issue part 2: enter docker_userid_fixer

docker_userid_fixer is an open source utility intended to be used as a docker entrypoint to fix the userid issue I just raised.

Let's see how to use it: you set it as your docker ENTRYPOINT, specifying which user should be used and have his userid dynamically modified:

ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/docker_userid_fixer","user1"]

Let's be precise in our terms:

• the target user, is the user requested to docker_userid_fixer, here user1
• the requested user, is the user provisioned by docker run, i.e the user that (intially) owns the first process (PID 1)

Then, at the container runtime creation, there are two options:

• either the requested userid (already) matches the target userid, then nothing has to be changed
• or it does not. For example the requested userid is 1001, and the target userid is 100. Then, docker_userid_fixer will fix the userid of the target user user1 from 1000 to 1001, directly in the container main process.

So in practice this solves our issue:

• if you do not need to fix your container userid, just use docker run the usual way (without the --user option)
• or you use --user option, then in addition of running your main process with a userid you requested, it will modify your pre-configured user to your requested userid, so that your container is running with your intended user and intended userid.

docker_userid_fixer setup

You can find instructions about the setup here.

But it boils down to:

• build or download the tiny executable (17k)

• copy it into your docker image

• make it executable as setuid root

• configure it as your entrypoint

the gory details

I have put some short notes https://github.com/kforner/docker_userid_fixer#how-it-works
but I'll try to rephrase.

The crux of the implementation is the setuid root of the docker_userid_fixer executable in the container.
We need root permissions to change the userid, and this setuid enables that privileged execution only for
the docker_userid_fixerprogram, and that for a very short time.

As soon as the userid has been modified if needed, docker_userid_fixer will switch the main process
to the requested user (and userid!).

If you are interested in these topics (docker, reproducible research, R package development, algorithmic, performace optimization, parallelism...) do not hesitate to contact me to discuss job and business opportunities.