Next.js is a powerful framework for building server-side rendered React applications. One of its key features for routing is the App Router which was introduced in version 13, which allows you to define and organize routes in your Next.js application. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the main concepts and techniques of Next.js App Router, providing you with the knowledge to effectively navigate and structure your Next.js applications. Let's dive straight into it 🚀
Creating Routes
In Next.js version 12 we were used to create routes with a js / jsx or ts / tsx file inside the pages directory. But now in version 13 we define routes inside the app directory, with a directory (note: not a file). Each folder/direcotry represents a route segment that maps to a URL segment. Here is a visual for you to understand:
Now we can use a special file page.js to make our pages accessible. If you don't add any page.js file inside route folder we won't see anything on the route.
Here the analytics route will not work because it hasn't any page.js inside it. This folder could be used to store components, stylesheets, images, or other colocated files.
Here is a code example of creating app/page.js page.
// `app/page.js` is the UI for the `/` URL
export default function Page() {
return <h1>Hello, Next.js!</h1>;
}
Layout
A layout is UI that is shared between multiple pages. On navigation, layouts preserve state, remain interactive, and do not re-render.
To define a layout, you can start by creating a file called layout.js within the desired directory. This file will export a default React component that represents the layout. The component should accept a children prop, which will be populated with either a "child layout" or a "child page" during rendering.
For instance, let's consider a Typescript example of a layout.tsx file located at app/dashboard/layout.tsx:
export default function DashboardLayout({
children, // represents a page or nested layout
}: {
children: React.ReactNode;
}) {
return (
<section>
{/* Include shared UI here, such as a header or sidebar */}
<nav></nav>
{children}
</section>
);
}
In this example, the DashboardLayout component serves as the default layout for the dashboard section of your application. It receives the children prop, which dynamically renders the content within the layout. The children prop can be a page or another nested layout. Here is a visual for you to understand better:
Dynamic Routes
In Next.js App Router, dynamic routes allow you to generate routes based on dynamic data, making it easy to handle varying segment names and create dynamic paths. Whether you need to generate routes at request time or pre-render them during build time, dynamic segments provide the flexibility you need.
Convention for Dynamic Segments
To create a dynamic segment, you can enclose a folder's name in square brackets, such as [folderName]. For example, [id] or [slug] can be used as dynamic segments.
Dynamic segments are then passed as the params prop to layout, page, route, and generateMetadata functions, allowing you to access the dynamic values within your components.
Example: Blog routes
For instance, if you have a blog where each post has a unique slug, you can define a route like this: app/blog/[slug]/page.js, where [slug] represents the dynamic segment for the blog posts.
export default function Page({ params }) {
return <div>My Post</div>;
}
In this example, the Page component receives the params prop, which contains the dynamic values from the URL. For the URL /blog/a, params would be { slug: 'a' }, allowing you to render the appropriate content based on the dynamic segment.
Generating Static Params
To generate routes at build time, you can use the generateStaticParams function in combination with dynamic route segments. This function allows you to retrieve data smartly and efficiently, reducing build times by automatically deduplicating fetch requests with the same arguments.
For example, let's consider an example of generating static params for the blog post routes:
export async function generateStaticParams() {
const posts = await fetch('https://.../posts').then((res) => res.json());
return posts.map((post) => ({
slug: post.slug,
}));
}
In this scenario, the generateStaticParams function fetches the blog posts and generates the static params based on the retrieved data. This approach improves performance by pre-rendering the routes during the build process.
Catch-all Segments
Dynamic segments can be extended to match subsequent segments by adding an ellipsis inside the brackets, such as [...folderName]. For example, app/shop/[...slug]/page.js would match /shop/clothes, /shop/clothes/tops, /shop/clothes/tops/t-shirts, and so on.
Optional Catch-all Segments
Additionally, catch-all segments can be made optional by including the parameter in double square brackets, like [[...folderName]]. This allows the route to match with or without the catch-all segment. For example, app/shop/[[...slug]]/page.js would match /shop, as well as /shop/clothes, /shop/clothes/tops, and /shop/clothes/tops/t-shirts.
By utilizing dynamic routes and their variations, you can create powerful and flexible routing structures in your Next.js applications. Whether you need to handle dynamic data or generate routes dynamically, these features provide the necessary tools to build dynamic and engaging user experiences.
Resources
Next.js Docs: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing
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Stay tuned for Part 2 of a comprehensive guide to Next.js App Router, where we'll explore more advanced techniques and features to further enhance your application's routing capabilities.
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