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This suggests the dominance of other particle and trace metal source and loss mechanisms weakens the influence of filtration in this home. The QFF evaluation results indicated that the concentration of TSP and over half of the tested trace metals (e.g., Pb, Cd, Ni, V, Sb, K, and Sr) could be estimated by QFF within a factor of two when compared to airborne sampling results. PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations were significantly underestimated by QFF potentially due to the limitations of size distribution analysis by a laser diffraction particle sizer (LDPS) for the detection of less then 1 μm particles. Overall, while QFF was promising for TSP and some trace metals, improvement in size distribution analysis could extend the application of QFF for airborne sampling.Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been shown to be an effective tool to mitigate direct N2O emissions from soils. However, emerging findings suggest that NIs may increase soil ammonia (NH3) volatilization and, subsequently, indirect N2O emission. A quantitative synthesis is lacking to evaluate how NIs may affect NH3 volatilization and the overall N2O emissions under different environmental conditions. In this meta-analysis, we quantified the responses of NH3 volatilization to NI application with 234 observations from 89 individual studies and analysed the role of experimental method, soil properties, fertilizer/NI type, fertilizer application rate and land use type as explanatory factors. Furthermore, using data sets where soil NH3 emission and N2O emission were measured simultaneously, we re-evaluated the effect of NI on overall N2O emissions including indirect N2O emission from NH3 volatilization. We found that, on average, NIs increased NH3 volatilization by 35.7% (95% CI 25.7-46.7%) and increased indirect N2O emission from NH3 emission (and subsequent N deposition) by 2.9%-15.2%. Responses of NH3 volatilization mainly varied with experimental method, soil pH, NI type and fertilizer type. The increase of NH3 volatilization following NI application showed a positive correlation with soil pH (R2 = 0.04, n = 234, P less then 0.05) and N fertilizer rate (R2 = 0.04, n = 187, P less then 0.05). When the indirect N2O emission was considered, NI's N2O mitigation effect decreased from 48.0% to 39.7% (EF = 1%), or 28.2% (EF = 5%). The results indicate that using DMPP with ammonium-based fertilizer in low pH, high SOC soils would have a lower risk for increasing NH3 volatilization than using DCD and nitrapyrin with urea in high pH, lower SOC soil. Furthermore, reducing N application rate may help to improve NIs' overall N2O emission mitigation efficiency and minimize their impact on NH3 volatilization.Exposures to organic pesticides, particularly during a developmental window, have been associated with various neurodegenerative diseases later in life. Atrazine (ATZ), one of the most used pesticides in the U.S., is suspected to be associated with increased neurodegeneration later in life but few studies assessed the neurotoxicity of developmental ATZ exposure using human neuronal cells. Here, we exposed human SH-SY5Y cells to 0.3, 3, and 30 ppb of ATZ prior to differentiating them into dopaminergic-like neurons in ATZ-free medium to mimic developmental exposure. The differentiated neurons exhibit altered neurite outgrowth and SNCA pathology depending on the ATZ treatment doses. Epigenome changes, such as decreases in 5mC (for 0.3 ppb only), H3K9me3, and H3K27me3 were observed immediately after exposure. These alterations persist in a compensatory manner in differentiated neurons. Specifically, we observed significant reductions in 5mC and H3K9me3, as well as, an increase in H3K27me3 in ATZ-exposed cells after differentiation, suggesting substantial chromatin rearrangements after developmental ATZ exposure. Transcriptional changes of relevant epigenetic enzymes were also quantified but found to only partially explain the observed epigenome alteration. Our results thus collectively suggest that exposure to low-dose of ATZ prior to differentiation can result in long-lasting changes in epigenome and increase risks of SNCA-related Parkinson's Disease.The quality characteristics of urban green spaces (UGS) have been suggested to play a critical role in their use and their potentials to exert health effects. However, epidemiological studies evaluating such a role are scarce. These studies have generally focused on a limited number of quality dimensions. We studied the association between 10 UGS quality dimensions, assessed through a comprehensive multidimensional tool, and physical activity, overweight/obesity, and UGS use. Our study was based on 2053 adults participating in the Barcelona Health Survey (2016) and the quality of 149 UGS located in Barcelona, Spain. For each participant, we abstracted the average and maximum quality score separately for each of the 10 quality dimensions and an overall quality score for the UGS within 300 m of the participant's residential address. Data on the study outcomes were obtained through face-to-face interviews. We developed logistic regression and negative binomial models to assess our evaluated associations and conducted mediation analyses between the different outcomes. We observed that the overall quality of UGS was associated with higher likelihood of engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (OR1.13; 95% CI1.00-1.27), lower risk of overweight/obesity (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.79-0.98), and increased use of UGS (exponentiated regression coefficient 1.08; 95% CI1.01-1.15). Selleckchem BI-3406 For the quality dimensions, we observed different patterns of associations depending on the outcome; however, bird biodiversity and amenities seem to be relevant to all of our evaluated outcomes. The mediation analysis suggested that UGS use mediate the association between quality and physical activity, while physical activity mediates the association between quality and overweight/obesity. The novel results from this study will allow decision-makers better design UGS and directly pinpoint relevant quality dimensions to promote physical activity, reduce the risk of overweight/obesity and boost the use of UGS amongst citizens.Selleckchem BI-3406