Computing Body Mass Index
You can use nested if statements to write a program that interprets body mass index. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health based on height and weight. It can be calculated by taking your weight in kilograms and dividing it by the square of your height in meters.
BMI Interpretation:
BMI < 18.5 Underweight
18.5 ≤ BMI < 25.0 Normal
25.0 ≤ BMI < 30.0 Overweight
30.0 ≤ BMI Obese
package demo;
import java.util.*;
public class ComputeAndInterpretBMI {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
//prompt the user to enter weight in pounds
System.out.print("Enter weight in pounds: ");
double weight = input.nextDouble();
//prompt the user to enter height in inches
System.out.print("Enter height in inches: ");
double height = input.nextDouble();
final double KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND = 0.45359237; // constant
final double METERS_PER_INCH = 0.0254; //constant
// compute BMI
double weightInKilograms = weight * KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND;
double heightInMeters = height * METERS_PER_INCH;
double bmi = weightInKilograms / (heightInMeters * heightInMeters);
// display result
System.out.println("BMI is " + bmi);
if (bmi < 18.5)
System.out.println("Underweight");
else if (bmi < 25)
System.out.println("Normal");
else if (bmi < 30)
System.out.println("Overweight");
else
System.out.println("Obese");
}
}
Computing Taxes
You can use nested if statements to write a program for computing taxes.
The United States federal personal income tax is calculated based on filing status and taxable income. There are four filing statuses: single filers, married filing jointly or qualified widow(er), married filing separately, and head of household. The tax rates vary every year.
The rates for 2009. If you are, say, single with a taxable income of $10,000, the first $8,350 is taxed at 10% and the other $1,650 is taxed at 15%, so, your total tax is $1,082.50.
You are to write a program to compute personal income tax. Your program should prompt the user to enter the filing status and taxable income and compute the tax. Enter 0 for single filers, 1 for married filing jointly or qualified widow(er), 2 for married filing separately, and 3 for head of household.
Your program computes the tax for the taxable income based on the filing status. The filing status can be determined using if statements outlined as follows:
if (status == 0) {
// Compute tax for single filers
}
else if (status == 1) {
// Compute tax for married filing jointly or qualifying widow(er)
}
else if (status == 2) {
// Compute tax for married filing separately
}
else if (status == 3) {
// Compute tax for head of household
}
else {
// Display wrong status
}
For each filing status there are six tax rates. Each rate is applied to a certain amount of taxable income. For example, of a taxable income of $400,000 for single filers, $8,350 is taxed at 10%, (33,950 – 8,350) at 15%, (82,250 – 33,950) at 25%, (171,550 – 82,250) at 28%, (372,950 – 171,550) at 33%, and (400,000 – 372,950) at 35%.
package demo;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ComputeTax {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a Scanner
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Prompt the user to enter filing status
System.out.print("(0-single filer, 1-married jointly or qualifying widow(er), 2-married separately, 3-head of household) Enter the filing status: ");
int status = input.nextInt();
// Prompt the user to enter taxable income
System.out.print("Enter the taxable income: ");
double income = input.nextDouble();
// Compute tax
double tax = 0;
if (status == 0) { // Compute tax for single filers
if (income <= 8350)
tax = income * 0.10;
else if (income <= 33950)
tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (income - 8350) * 0.15;
else if (income <= 82250)
tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (income - 33950) * 0.25;
else if (income <= 171550)
tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (82250 - 33950) * 0.25 + (income - 82250) * 0.28;
else if (income <= 372950)
tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (82250 - 33950) * 0.25 + (171550 - 82250) * 0.28 + (income - 171550) * 0.33;
else
tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (82250 - 33950) * 0.25 + (171550 - 82250) * 0.28 + (372950 - 171550) * 0.33 + (income - 372950) * 0.35;
}
else if (status == 1) { // Compute tax for married filer jointly or qualifying widow(er)
if (income <= 16700)
tax = income * 0.10;
else if (income <= 67900)
tax = 16700 * 0.10 + (income - 16700) * 0.15;
else if (income <= 137050)
tax = 16700 * 0.10 + (67900 - 16700) * 0.15 + (income - 67900) * 0.25;
else if (income <= 208850)
tax = 16700 * 0.10 + (67900 - 16700) * 0.15 + (137050 - 67900) * 0.25 + (income - 137050) * 0.28;
else if (income <= 372950)
tax = 16700 * 0.10 + (67900 - 16700) * 0.15 + (137050 - 67900) * 0.25 + (208850 - 137050) * 0.28 + (income - 208850) * 0.33;
else
tax = 16700 * 0.10 + (67900 - 16700) * 0.15 + (137050 - 67900) * 0.25 + (208850 - 137050) * 0.28 + (372950 - 208850) * 0.33 + (income - 372950) * 0.35;
}
else if (status == 2) { // Compute tax for married separately
if (income <= 8350)
tax = income * 0.10;
else if (income <= 33950)
tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (income - 8350) * 0.15;
else if (income <= 68525)
tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (income - 33950) * 0.25;
else if (income <= 104425)
tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (68525 - 33950) * 0.25 + (income - 68525) * 0.28;
else if (income <= 186475)
tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (68525 - 33950) * 0.25 + (104425 - 68525) * 0.28 + (income - 104425) * 0.33;
else
tax = 8350 * 0.10 + (33950 - 8350) * 0.15 + (68525 - 33950) * 0.25 + (104425 - 68525) * 0.28 + (186475 - 104425) * 0.33 + (income - 186475) * 0.35;
}
else if (status == 3) { // Compute tax for head of household
if (income <= 11950)
tax = income * 0.10;
else if (income <= 45500)
tax = 11950 * 0.10 + (income - 11950) * 0.15;
else if (income <= 117450)
tax = 11950 * 0.10 + (45500 - 11950) * 0.15 + (income - 45500) * 0.25;
else if (income <= 190200)
tax = 11950 * 0.10 + (45500 - 11950) * 0.15 + (117450 - 45500) * 0.25 + (income - 117450) * 0.28;
else if (income <= 372950)
tax = 11950 * 0.10 + (45500 - 11950) * 0.15 + (117450 - 45500) * 0.25 + (190200 - 117450) * 0.28 + (income - 190200) * 0.33;
else
tax = 11950 * 0.10 + (45500 - 11950) * 0.15 + (117450 - 45500) * 0.25 + (190200 - 117450) * 0.28 + (372950 - 190200) * 0.33 + (income - 372950) * 0.35;
}
else {
System.out.println("Error: invalid status");
System.exit(1);
}
// Display the result
System.out.println("Tax is " + (int)(tax * 100) / 100.0);
}
}
System.exit(status) is defined in the System class. Invoking this method terminates the program. The status 0 indicates that the program is terminated normally. A nonzero status code indicates abnormal termination.
An initial value of 0 is assigned to tax. A compile error would occur if it had no initial value, because all of the other statements that assign values to tax are within the if statement. The compiler thinks that these statements may not be executed and therefore reports a compile error.
To test a program, you should provide the input that covers all cases. For this program, your input should cover all statuses (0, 1, 2, 3). For each status, test the tax for each of the six brackets. So, there are a total of 24 cases.
For all programs, you should write a small amount of code and test it before moving on to add more code. This is called incremental development and testing. This approach makes testing easier, because the errors are likely in the new code you just added.
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