Why do you need Istio Ambient mesh ?
It is given that Istio is a bit resource intensive due to sidecar proxy. Although there are a lot of compelling security features that can be used, the whole Istio (the sidecar) has to be deployed from day-1. Recently, the Istio community has reimagined a new data plane – ambient mode – which will be far less resource intensive. Istio ambient mesh is a modified and sidecar less data plane developed for enterprises that want to deploy mTLS and other security features first, and seek to deploy an advanced network later. Read more on what is Istio Ambient mesh.
Ambient mesh has two layers:
- L4 secure overlay layer or ztunnel: for implementing mTLS for communication between (services) nodes. Note, ztunne is a rust-based proxy.
- L7 processing layer or waypoint proxy: for accessing advanced L7 processing for security and networking, thus unlock full range of Istio capabilities
In this blog, we will explain how to implement Isito ambient mesh (with L4 and L7 authorization policies) in Google Kubernetes Engine and/or Azure AKS.
Prerequisite
Please ensure you have the following software or infrastructure in your machine (I’ve use the following):
- Kubernetes 1.23 or later. Version used for implementation: 1.25.6
- Istio 1.18.0-alpha.0 (Link: https://github.com/istio/istio/releases/)
Note: The current version of Istio Ambient mesh (1.18.0v) is in alpha and a few features might not work and it may not 100% be stable for production. At this time of the blog, the current version of Ambient mesh is not working with Calico CNI for now, so accordingly make your change in Google Kubernetes and Azure Kubernetes (refer the image below).
Webinar on steps implementing Istio Ambient Mesh
If you want to skip the steps and watch the video for implementing Istio Ambient mesh in Google Cloud, here you go:
Steps to implement Istio ambient mesh
We will achieve the implementation of Istio ambient mesh with five major steps:
- Installation of Istio ambient mesh
- Creating and configuring services in Kubernetes cluster
- Implement Istio ambient mode and verify ztunnel and HBONE
- Enabling L4 authorization for services using ambient mesh
- Enabling L7 authorization for services using ambient mesh
Steps for installing Istio ambient mesh
Step-1: Download and extract Istio ambient mesh from the Git repo
You can go to Git repo https://github.com/istio/istio/releases/tag/1.18.0-alpha.0 and download and extract the Istio ambient mesh set up in your local system. (I’ve used the Windows version). Add /bin path to the environment path variable.
Step-2: Install Istio ambient mesh
Use the following command to install Istio ambient mesh to your cluster.
istioctl install -set profile=ambient
Istio will install the following components- Istio core, Istiod, Istio CNI, Ingress gateways, Ztunnel,
Step-3: Check if ztunnel and Istio CNI are installed at node level
After installation there will be a new namespace created named istio-system
. You can check the pods by running the below command.
kubectl get pods -n istio-system -o wide
Since I have created two nodes, there are two ztunnel pods (daemonset) running here.
Similarly you can use the following command to verify if Istio CNI is installed at the node level, by using the following command.
kubectl get pods -n kube-system
Note: istio-cni
is deployed in istio-system
namespace in case of AKS.
Steps to create and configure services in Kubernetes cluster
Step-1: Create namespace, named ambient for deployments
kubectl create namespace ambient
Step-2: Create two services in separate nodes.
I have used the following yaml for creating deployment.yaml
, service.yaml
and service-account.yaml
. You can refer to the files in the Github repo: https://github.com/IMESHinc/webinar.
Code for demo-deployment-1.yaml
.
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: echoserver-depl-1
namespace: ambient
labels:
app: echoserver-depl-1
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
app: echoserver-app-1
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: echoserver-app-1
spec:
serviceAccountName: echo-service-account-1
containers:
– name: echoserver-app-1
image: imeshai/echoserver
ports:
– containerPort: 80
Code for demo-service-1.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: echoserver-service-1
namespace: ambient
spec:
selector:
app: echoserver-app-1
ports:
– port: 80
targetPort: 80
Code for demo-service-account-1.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: echo-service-account-1
namespace: ambient
labels:
account: echo-one
Similarly you can create deployments, service and service-account files for creating the 2nd service.
Deploy two services in the Kubernetes cluster by using the command:
kubectl apply -f demo-service-account-1.yaml
kubectl apply -f demo-deployment-1.yaml
kubectl apply -f demo-service-1.yaml
You can verify if your pods and svc are running by executing the following commands
kubectl get pods -n <<namespace>>
kubectl get svc -n <<namespace>>
Note: Since I have selected two replicas for each service, Kubernetes automatically created the pods in each node to balance the loads. However, you can explicitly mention in the deployment yaml to create pods in two different nodes as well.
Step-3: Create Istio gateway and virtual services to allow external traffic to the newly created services
Once the two services are created, we can create an ingress gateway to allow internet traffic to the newly created services. ( The names of my services are echoserver-service-1
and echoserver-service-2
respectively).
I have created a demo-gateway.yaml
file (code below) to link to Istio ingress gateway.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: echoserver-gateway
namespace: ambient
spec:
selector:
istio: ingressgateway
servers:
– port:
number: 80
name: http
protocol: HTTP
hosts:
– “\*”
Code for Istio VirtualService
yaml file to route the traffic to service1
and service2
if the URL would match /echo1
and /echo2
respectively.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: echoserver-virtual-service
namespace: ambient
spec:
hosts:
– “\*”
gateways:
– echoserver-gateway
http:
– match:
– uri:
exact: /echo1
route:
– destination:
host: echoserver-service-1
port:
number: 80
– match:
– uri:
exact: /echo2
route:
– destination:
host: echoserver-service-2
port:
number: 80
Apply the yaml files in the Kubernetes cluster to create Istio ingress gateway and virtual service objects.
You can check the status of Istio Ingress gateway resource in the Istio-system
namespace by running the command.
kubectl get service -n istio-system
Step-4: Access the services from the browser
You can use the external IP address of the Istio gateway to access the services.
By default the communication will not go through the ztunnel of Istio ambient mesh. So we have to make it active by applying certain commands.
Steps to verify communication through ztunnel (mTLS) in ambient mesh
Step-0 (Optional): Log the ztunnel and Istio CNI
This is an optional step you can use to observe the logs of ztunnel and Istio CNI while transitioning of service communication to Istio ambient mode, you can apply these commands:
kubectl logs -f <<istio-cni-pod-name>> -n kube-system
kubectl logs -f <<ztunnel-pod-name>> -n istio-system
Step-1: Apply ambient mesh to the namespace
You need to apply Istio Ambient mesh to the namespace by using the following command:
kubectl label namespace ambient istio.io/dataplane-mode=ambient
Both the services would be a part of the Istio ambient service mesh now. You can verify by again accessing them from the browser.
Step-2: Verify the communication through ztunnel of external traffic
If you login to the browser and try to access the services (echoserver-service-1
and 2 for me), you will see the communication is already happening through the ztunnel.
Step-3: Verify the HBONE of service-to-service communication
You can also verify if your service-to-service communication is secured by letting one pod to communicate with another (and then check the logs of ztunnel pods).
Log into one of the pods of a service (say echoserver-service-1
) and use bash to send requests to another service (say echoserver-service-2
).
You can use the following command to go to bash of one pod:
kubectl exec -it <<pod name of service-1>> -n <<namespace>> –- bash
Use curl to send request to another services
curl <<service-2>>
You will see the in the logs of one of ztunnel pods that the communication is already happening over the HBONE (a secure overlay tunnel for communication between two pods in different nodes).
Step-4: Verification of mTLS-based communication in service-to-service communication
Connect to ssh of one of the nodes to dump TCP packets and analyze the traffic request; we will understand if the communication between two nodes is going through the secure channel or not.
Execute the following command in the node-ssh: (15008 port is used for HBONE communication in Istio ambient mesh). We will write the logs into node1.pcap
sudo tcpdump -nAi ens4 port 9080 or port 15008 -w node1.pcap
You can curl a service from one pod and check the node logs (download node1.pcap
file), and when you open the file in the network analyzer, it would show something like below:
You will observe that all the application data exchanged between the two nodes are secured and using mTLS encryption.
Steps to create L4 authorization policies in Istio ambient mesh
Step-1: Create an authorization policy yaml in Istio
Create a demo-authorization-L4.yaml
file to write policies that would allow the public traffic to the service-1 containers only, and not from any other services. We have mentioned in the rules to allow the traffic from Istio ingress controller.
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: echoserver-policy
namespace: ambient
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: echoserver-app-1
action: ALLOW
rules:
– from:
– source:
principals: [“cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account”]
Use the command to apply the yaml file.
kubectl apply -f demo-authorization-L4.yaml
Note: Once you try to reach our service-1
(echoserver-service-1
) from the browser then you can access it without any problem. But if you curl from one of the pod of service-2
, it would fail (refer the screenshot).
Steps to create L7 authorization policies using waypoint proxy
For L7 authorization policies we have to create a way-point proxy. The waypoint proxy can be configured using K8s gateway API. Note, by default the gateway API CRDs might not be available in most of the cloud providers, so we need to install it.
Step-1: Download Kubernetes gateway API CRDs
Use the command to download gateway API CRDs using Kustomize.
kubectl kustomize “github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/crd?ref=v0.6.1” > gateway-api.yaml
Step-2: Apply Kubernetes gateway API
Use the command to apply gateway API CRDs.
kubectl apply -f gateway-api.yaml
Step-3: Create waypoint proxy of Kubernetes gateway API kind
We can create a waypoint proxy of gateway API with a yaml file. You can use the demo-waypoint-1.yaml
. We have basically created a waypoint proxy for service-1
(echoserver-service-1
).
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: echoserver-gtw-1
namespace: ambient
annotations:
istio.io/for-service-account: echo-service-account-1
spec:
gatewayClassName: istio-waypoint
listeners:
– allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: Same
name: imesh.ai
port: 15008
protocol: ALL
And apply this to the K8s cluster.
kubectl apply -f demo-waypoint-1.yaml
Step-4: Create L7 authorization policy to declare the waypoint proxy for traffic
Create L7 authorization policy to define rules when to apply the waypoint proxy (echoserver-gtw-1
) for traffic. You can use the following demo-authorization-L7.yaml
file to write the policy.
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: echoserver-policy
namespace: ambient
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
istio.io/gateway-name: echoserver-gtw-1
action: ALLOW
rules:
– from:
– source:
principals: [“cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account”]
to:
– operation:
methods: [“GET”]
Use the command to apply the yaml file.
kubectl apply -f demo-authorization-L7.yaml
Step-5: Verify the L7 authorization policy
As we have created a waypoint proxy for service-1
and applied a policy to allow all traffic from the Istio ingress gateway, you will see you can still access service-1
(echoserver-service-1
) from the browser.
However, if you want to access service-1
from one of the pods of service-2
(echoserver-service-2
), the waypoint proxy will not allow the traffic as per the policy (refer the screenshot below).
Conclusion
Ambient mesh is very cost-efficient and less resource intensive in applying Istio in a staggered manner. We feel there will be more implementation of Istio after the ambient version.
If you want to adopt enterprise Istio for your project and adopt it without any operation hassle, please feel free to talk to an Istio expert or book an Istio demo.
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