Introduction
Writing unit tests is very important for the development process. Testing components that use HTTP requests sometimes may be a real pain.
In testing, we often want to make mock requests to test our code without actually making an HTTP request. This can be especially important when we are testing code that makes external API calls since we don't want to rely on the availability of the external API.
We'll use a third-party package called nock that helps us to mock HTTP requests. With nock, we can specify the desired behavior of our mock HTTP requests, including the URL, headers, and body. This allows us to test our code against a known data set, making debugging and testing much more straightforward.
I'll show how to write unit tests for API calls by mocking method in the simple React app.
Steps we'll cover:
- Why mocking HTTP requests during testing is important?
- What is Nock?
- Bootstrapping the example app
- Adding a unit test
- Nock installation and configuration
- Custom requests in Nock
- Recording in Nock
- Alternative API mocking libraries
Why mocking HTTP requests during testing is important?
Mock testing is a great way to speed up running tests because you can eliminate external systems and servers.
These are all possible errors that you might encounter when running tests with the API:
- The data returned from API can be different on each request.
- It takes a longer time to finish running the test.
- You may get a big size of data that you don't need to use in tests.
- You may have issues like rate limiting and connectivity.
We'll use the Nock to find a solution for these problems. We'll create a simple react app and request an external API. We will implement how to mock API calls and write a unit test for API calls using Nock in a React application.
What is Nock?
Nock is an HTTP server mocking and expectations library. Nock works by overriding Node's http.request function.
It helps us mock calls to API and specifies what URLs we want to listen for, and responds with predefined responses, just like real APIs would.
We can use nock to test React components that make HTTP requests.
Bootstrapping the example app
We'll use superplate CLI wizard to create and customize the React application fastly.
Run the following command:
npx superplate-cli example-app
Select the following options when taking the CLI steps:
? Select your project type
❯ react
? Testing Framework
❯ React Testing Library
CLI should create a project and install the selected dependencies.
Create a component with the following code:
//index.tsx
export const Main = () => {
const [state, setState] = React.useState<{ firstName: string }>({
firstName: '',
});
const fetchData = async () => {
const response = await fetch(
'https://api.fake-rest.refine.dev/users/1'
);
const result = await response.json();
return result;
};
React.useEffect(() => {
(async () => {
const data = await fetchData();
setState(data);
})();
}, []);
return <div>{state.firstName}</div>;
};
Above we can see that we do fetch call to refine's fake REST API URL and thereafter returned data shows on the screen.
Adding a unit test
Now, we are going to create a test file.
We want to add a test case for the function that makes an HTTP request to a URL and returns the data provided. Waiting for the data returned by API to be rendered on screen is a typical way of testing it.
Using React Testing Library the expected unit test vase will be the following:
//index.spec.tsx
import { Main } from './index';
import { render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react';
describe('expectedData', () => {
it('checks if returned data from API rendered into component', async () => {
render(<Main />);
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText("/value from the api")).toBeInTheDocument();
});
});
});
At this point, if run the test it will fail. It'll attempt to perform a network request. Since we are calling a real database it will return all the data rather than only the specific data that we need.
Also, the API will respond with different values for each request.
Testing this HTTP request-related architecture in that way can be a headache.
With the nock mock service, we can intercept requests to the API and return custom responses.
Nock installation and configuration
Install the nock with the following command if you don't have it.
npm install --save-dev nock
We'll add the highlighted codes to initialize the nock.
//index.spec.tsx
import { Main } from './index';
import { render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react';
//===>
import nock from 'nock';
//<===
describe('expectedData', () => {
it('checks if returned data from API rendered into component', async () => {
//===>
nock('https://api.fake-rest.refine.dev')
.defaultReplyHeaders({
'access-control-allow-origin': '*',
})
.get('/users/1')
.reply(200, {
id: 1,
firstName: "/value from the api",
});
//<===
render(<Main />);
await waitFor(() => {
expect(
screen.getByText("/value from the api")
).toBeInTheDocument();
});
});
});
At this point, our test works.
The test runner creates a mock server with nock and the fetchData() method will trigger.
Rather than calling the API to test our app, we provide a set of known responses that mock it.
Nock intercepts GET requests to 'https://api.fake-rest.refine.dev' followed by the path '/users/1' with the HTTP method get.
The response should be like defined in the reply() method.
We also set the CORS policy to the header with defaultReplyHeaders.
Custom requests in Nock
We can specify the mock requests.
All HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE can be mock.
Simple POST request:
nock('https://api.fake-rest.refine.dev')
.post('/users', {
username: 'test',
status: true,
})
.reply(201);
To handle query parameters, the query option can be used.
nock('https://api.fake-rest.refine.dev')
.get('/users')
.query({
username: 'test',
status: true,
})
.reply(200);
When an HTTP request is made with specified query, nock will intercept and return with a 200 status code.
Mocking server Errors
Error replies can be returned from the mocking server with replyWithError prop.
nock('https://api.fake-rest.refine.dev')
.get('/users')
.replyWithError({
message: 'Server ERROR',
});
You may want to handle errors by only replying with a status code.
nock('https://api.fake-rest.refine.dev')
.post('/users', {
username: 'test',
status: true,
})
.reply(500);
Note:It’s important to note we are using afterAll(nock.restore) and afterEach(nock.cleanAll) to make sure interceptors do not interfere with each other.
afterAll(() => {
nock.cleanAll();
nock.restore();
});
Recording in Nock
Recording relies on intercepting real requests and responses and then persisting them for later use.
Nock prints the code to the console which we can use as a response in tests with nock.recorder.rec() method.
Comment out the nock function and let's add nock.recorder.rec() in to the test file.
When the test runs, the console logs all the service calls that nock has recorded.
Instead of defining nock method and reply values manually, we can use recorded values.
Alternative API mocking libraries
MSW Mock Service Worker: Mock Service Worker is an API mocking library that uses Service Worker API to intercept actual requests.
Mirage JS: Mirage JS is an API mocking library that lets you build, test, and share a complete working JavaScript application without having to rely on any backend services.
fetch-mock: fetch-mock allows mocking HTTP requests made using fetch or a library imitating its API.
Conclusion
In this article, we've implemented API mocking and explained how useful it can be. We used nock to mock HTTP requests in our test and some useful properties are shown.
We have seen how to test only the behavior of an application in isolation. Avoid any external dependencies that may affect our tests and ensure they are running on stable versions at all times.
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