Cloudflare Workers KV, D1, and R2: Building at the Edge Without a Backend

Cloudflare Workers runs your code in 300+ locations worldwide, <1ms from most users.
KV, D1, and R2 give you storage that scales globally without ops overhead.

The Stack

• Workers: JavaScript/TypeScript runtime at the edge
• KV: Key-value store, globally replicated, eventually consistent
• D1: SQLite database at the edge
• R2: Object storage (S3-compatible, no egress fees)
• Durable Objects: Strongly consistent stateful compute

Workers Setup

npm create cloudflare@latest my-worker
cd my-worker
npm run dev  # local dev server

// src/index.ts
export interface Env {
  MY_KV: KVNamespace
  MY_DB: D1Database
  MY_BUCKET: R2Bucket
}

export default {
  async fetch(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
    const url = new URL(request.url)

    if (url.pathname === '/health') {
      return Response.json({ status: 'ok' })
    }

    return new Response('Not found', { status: 404 })
  },
}

KV: Fast Reads, Eventual Consistency

// Write
await env.MY_KV.put('user:123', JSON.stringify(user), {
  expirationTtl: 3600,  // optional TTL in seconds
})

// Read
const value = await env.MY_KV.get('user:123')
const user = value ? JSON.parse(value) : null

// Read with metadata
const { value: data, metadata } = await env.MY_KV.getWithMetadata('user:123')

// Delete
await env.MY_KV.delete('user:123')

// List keys
const { keys } = await env.MY_KV.list({ prefix: 'user:' })

Best for: Session storage, feature flags, rate limiting, caching.

D1: SQLite at the Edge

// Create tables (via Wrangler CLI)
// npx wrangler d1 execute MY_DB --command='CREATE TABLE users ...'

// Query
const { results } = await env.MY_DB.prepare(
  'SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?'
).bind(userId).all()

// Insert
const result = await env.MY_DB.prepare(
  'INSERT INTO users (id, name, email) VALUES (?, ?, ?) RETURNING *'
).bind(id, name, email).first()

// Batch
await env.MY_DB.batch([
  env.MY_DB.prepare('INSERT INTO events VALUES (?, ?)').bind(id1, data1),
  env.MY_DB.prepare('INSERT INTO events VALUES (?, ?)').bind(id2, data2),
])

Best for: Read-heavy workloads, small-to-medium datasets, analytics.

R2: Object Storage Without Egress Fees

// Upload
await env.MY_BUCKET.put('uploads/image.jpg', imageBuffer, {
  httpMetadata: { contentType: 'image/jpeg' },
})

// Download
const object = await env.MY_BUCKET.get('uploads/image.jpg')
if (!object) return new Response('Not found', { status: 404 })

return new Response(object.body, {
  headers: { 'Content-Type': object.httpMetadata?.contentType ?? 'application/octet-stream' },
})

// List
const { objects } = await env.MY_BUCKET.list({ prefix: 'uploads/' })

No egress fees is the killer feature. S3 charges $0.09/GB for downloads. R2 is free.

Deploying with Wrangler

# wrangler.toml
name = 'my-worker'
main = 'src/index.ts'
compatibility_date = '2024-01-01'

[[kv_namespaces]]
binding = 'MY_KV'
id = 'xxxx'

[[d1_databases]]
binding = 'MY_DB'
database_name = 'my-db'
database_id = 'xxxx'

[[r2_buckets]]
binding = 'MY_BUCKET'
bucket_name = 'my-bucket'

npx wrangler deploy
# Deployed to my-worker.my-subdomain.workers.dev

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