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LLM Evaluation: Which LLM to use for developing a personal assistant?

#llm

In my blog series, I covered several aspects of LLMs: Understanding their evolution, investigating libraries, researching, and trying how LLMs can be fine-tuned. Ultimately, I want to use LLMs for a personal assistant that has access to documents and databases, providing a natural language interface to books and sensor data. The explosion of open-sourced LLMs beginning in 2023 lead to exponential growth that now in earl 2024 culminates into one question: Which model to choose for which application type?

This article is a hands-on comparison of 21 LLMs. Each LLM will be tested with the same set of questions, including tasks of named entity recognition, text summarization, dialogue, and testing knowledge. Four groups are differentiated to accommodate different model sizes: 3B, 7B, >7B and commercial models. The comparison method is purely subjective: I'm checking the models correctness, language style and linguistic skills. To be fully transparent, all LLM outputs are given verbatim. Therefore, feel free to only read my opinion about LLMs that interest you, and the comparison section for each model size group.

This article originally appeared at my blog admantium.com.

This article was written in April 2024. Since then, many more models will be published, and pushing LLM capabilities to new levels.

LLM Overview

The article compares the following LLMs:

3B

  • Gemma
  • Orca-Mini
  • Stablelm2
  • Stablelm Zephyr
  • Phi

7B

  • Gemma
  • LLaMA
    • LLaMA 2 Base
    • Vicuna
  • Orca-Mini
  • Mistral
    • Mistral Openorca
    • Open Hermes
    • Zephyr
  • Starling LM

13B+

  • Mixtral
  • Orca-Mini
  • Qwen
  • Vicuana

Commercial Models

  • ChatGPT
  • Claude 3 Haiku
  • CoPilot
  • DBRX Instruct
  • Gemini
  • Perplexity Ai
  • Pi Ai

All models of 3B and 7B size were run locally with Ollama. The 7B+ models were used with a Kaggle notebooks and a suitable gguf model file loaded with ggml.

Prompts

Following prompts were used to test the LLMs.

NLP Task 01

  In the following text, identify all persons, places, and named objects.

  Desired format:
  Persons: -||-
  Places: -||-
  Named Objects: -||-

  Text: """
  As of 2016, only three nations have flown crewed spacecraft: USSR/Russia, USA, and China. The first crewed spacecraft was Vostok 1, which carried Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit. There were five other crewed missions which used a Vostok spacecraft. The second crewed spacecraft was named Freedom 7, and it performed a sub-orbital spaceflight in 1961 carrying American astronaut Alan Shepard to an altitude of just over 187 kilometers (116 mi). There were five other crewed missions using Mercury spacecraft.
  """
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NLP Task 01

  Summarize the following text.

  Text: """
  Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival. Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit. Multiple space probes were sent to study Moon, the planets, the Sun, multiple small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids).
  """
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Dialog

  Identify all persons, places, and named objects in the answer you just provided.
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Free Form 01

  Please name the 4 biggest risks of AI.
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Free Form 02

  Please name the 3 most recent NASA missions.
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Dialog

  I need a book recommendation for a friend.

  He likes science fiction books from Warhammer40K.
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3B Models

Gemma (2B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons:

  - Yuri Gagarin
  - Alan Shepard

  Places:

  - USSR/Russia
  - USA
  - China

  Named Objects:

  - Vostok 1
  - Freedom 7
  - Mercury
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NLP Task 02

  The text highlights the advantages of telerobotic missions over crewed ones, including cost-effectiveness and reduced risk factors. It also mentions the challenges of exploring distant planets and the need for sterilized spacecraft to avoid contamination by Earth microbes.
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Dialog 01

  Persons:
  - Yuri Gagarin
  - Alan Shepard

  Places:
  - USSR/Russia
  - USA
  - China
  - Venus
  - Jupiter

  Named Objects:
  - Vostok 1
  - Freedom 7
  - Mercury
  - Moon
  - Planets
  - Sun
  - Comets
  - Asteroids
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Free Form 01

  1. Job displacement: AI could potentially automate tasks currently performed by humans, leading to job losses in certain sectors.

  2. Bias and discrimination: AI algorithms trained on biased data can perpetuate existing societal biases.

  3. Security vulnerabilities: Malicious actors could exploit vulnerabilities in AI systems, leading to data breaches and security breaches.

  4. Ethical considerations: The development and deployment of AI raises complex ethical questions about control, transparency, and accountability.
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Free Form 02

  The provided text does not contain information regarding the 3 most recent NASA missions, so I am unable to answer this question from the provided context.
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Dialog 02

  I do not have access to personal information or recommendations for specific books. As an AI language model, I am programmed to provide general information and assist with tasks based on available knowledge and data. If you are looking for recommendations for a book, I recommend checking reputable book review websites or asking for suggestions from friends or family members who may have read similar genres or have personal favorites.

  Based on the provided information, the friend seems to have a preference for science fiction books within the Warhammer 40K universe.
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Summary

The Gemma model has difficulties to understand the context. It did not correctly refer to identifying person and objects from its produced summary, but from the original input. It also could not leave the context of the first question when asked about the NASA missions. However, these observations might be tied to the way how the chat history was summarized with the employed tool stack.

Orca-Mini (3B)

NLP Task 01

  - USSR/Russia
  - USA
  - China
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NLP Task 02

  Space exploration is possible using telerobotic probes due to lower cost and risk factors, but crewed operation is not suitable for all destinations. Telerobotics allows exploring regions that are too hostile or difficult to reach with human spacecraft.
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Dialog 01

  I'm sorry, but I cannot provide an answer as my responses are generated by a text-to-speech software program. If you have any other question, feel free to ask.
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Free Form 01

  The four biggest risks of AI are:

  1. Lack of transparency: AI systems can be biased and discriminatory if their decision-making processes are not transparent or easy to understand.
  2. Exploitation: AI systems can be used to automate tasks that would otherwise require human labor, which could lead to exploitation and job loss.
  3. Misuse: AI systems can be misused for malicious purposes, such as cyber attacks or data breaches.
  4. Dependence: Over-reliance on AI systems can lead to a loss of critical thinking skills and creativity, and may even result in the development of cognitive bias.
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Free Form 02

  Sure! Here are three of NASA's most recent missions:

  1. Artemis 1 - A mission to the Moon that will include a lander, rover, and orbiter. It is set to launch in 2020 and aims to establish sustainable exploration of the Moon by the end of 2024.
  2. InSight - A mission to Mars that landed a robotic lander on the planet's surface in 2018. It is studying the Martian environment using various sensors and instruments, including a seismometer to detect seismic activity on the planet.
  3. New Horizons - A mission to Pluto, which was launched in 2006. It made its closest approach to the planet in July 2015 and has since continued to explore the Kuiper Belt, sending back detailed data about the region's composition and history.
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Dialog 02

  Sure! What is the genre of the book your friend likes?
  How about "The Last Emperox" by John Scalzi as it is a science fiction novel that fits your friend's preference. It is the third book in The Interdependency series and has received positive reviews.
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Summary

Although I liked the models language style, it could not identify named persons and objects, and it responded with "being a text-to-speech program" which it is not. The book recommendation was hallucinated.

Stablelm2 (2B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons: USSR/Russia, USA, China
  Places: Astronaut, Vostok spacecraft, Freedom 7, Mercury spacecraft
  Named Objects: Yuri Gagarin, Alan Shepard, Vostok 1, Freedom 7
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NLP Task 02

  The text discusses various space missions, including crewed operations for destinations such as Earth, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune due to lower cost and risk factors. Telerobotic probes are preferred for exploring hostile environments or distant planets with limited technology. Crewed spaceflights may also be restricted by the presence of human micro-organisms that cannot be effectively sterilized within a spacecraft or spacesuit. The text mentions multiple space probes sent to study the Moon, other planets, and celestial bodies such as comets and asteroids.
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Dialog 01

  Persons: USSR/Russia, USA, China
  Places: Vostok spacecraft (Vostok 1), Freedom 7, Mercury spacecraft
  Named Objects: Yuri Gagarin (soviet cosmonaut), Alan Shepard (American astronaut), Vostok 1 (first crewed spacecraft), Freedom 7 (second crewed spacecraft), Mercury spacecraft (fifth crewed mission using these spacecraft)
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Free Form 01

  The four biggest risks associated with Artificial Intelligence (AI) are:

  1. Skilled vs. Unskilled Employees: If AI systems become capable enough to replace human workers in certain jobs, this could result in significant economic disruption.
  2. Ethical Issues: The potential for AI to perpetrate harm or discriminate against certain groups raises ethical concerns about the use of these technologies.
  3. Dependence on Data: An AI system's success depends on the quality and quantity of the data it has access to. If there is a lack of relevant data, the AI system may not be effective.
  4. Job Displacement: The widespread adoption of AI could lead to job displacement in some sectors, particularly those that involve routine tasks or repetitive tasks.
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Free Form 02

  The three most recent NASA missions are:

  1. Mars 2020: Launched on September 18, 2019, this mission aims to carry out a comprehensive exploration of the Martian surface and conduct experiments in various fields such as biology, physics, and chemistry.
  2. Juno: Launched on July 4, 2011, this mission aims to study Jupiter's atmosphere, including its composition and structure.
  3. Parker Solar Probe: Launched on June 18, 2019, this mission aims to study the Sun by using a superheated state of iron to create an electromagnetic antenna that can measure solar wind speed and direction from closer than any spacecraft before it.
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Dialog 02

  For your friend who is interested in history, I would recommend "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" by Rebecca Skloot. This book tells the story of a woman whose cells were taken without her knowledge and without her consent, leading to significant advances in medical research, including the development of the gene editing tool called CRISPR-Cas9. The book also explores themes such as family relationships, the role of women in society, and the intersection of race and gender in American history.<|system|>

  Alternatively, if your friend is interested in science fiction, I would recommend "The War of the Worlds" by H.G. Wells. This classic novel portrays a dystopian future where Earth has been destroyed by an alien invasion. It explores themes such as the consequences of war, the role of technology in shaping society, and the dangers of relying solely on scientific progress without considering the ethical implications.<|system|>

  I'm sorry to inform you that "The War of the Worlds" by H.G. Wells may not be a good fit for your friend's preferences as it is more in line with traditional science fiction rather than the epic space operas popularized by Games Workshop's Warhammer franchise. Instead, I would recommend "Red Planet" by Robert J. Sawyer, which tells the story of an astronaut sent to explore Mars and faces various challenges and dangers while exploring this planet. Another option could be "The Blood of Heroes" by David Barnett which is a historical fiction novel that imagines what might happen if the ancient Egyptian civilization had existed into the modern era. Both books are set in similar genres as Warhammer's Space Opera series, and they explore themes such as the consequences of war, the role of technology in shaping society, and the dangers of relying solely on scientific progress without considering the ethical implications.<|system|>
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Summary

The small Stablelm2 could identify persons, object, and places, but put them into the wrong category. When asked about Nasa missions, it listed not most recent, but still active mission. And the final dialogue about book recommendation was good.

Stablelm Zephyr (3B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons: Yuri Gagarin, Alan Shepard (American astronaut)
  Places: Earth, space
  Named Objects: Vostok 1, Freedom 7, Mercury spacecraft
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NLP Task 02

  The text discusses that many space missions are better suited for telerobotic operations due to lower cost and risk factors. It also mentions that some planetary destinations like Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, and outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant for crewed spaceflight. Telerobotics allow exploration of these regions where humans cannot be present without contaminating the area, leading to more efficient space exploration with spacecraft sterilization. Multiple probes have been sent to study celestial bodies like Moon, planets, the Sun, and small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids).
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Dialog 01

  Persons: N/A (no relevant persons mentioned)
  Places: N/A (no specific places mentioned in the answer text)
  Named Objects: Named Objects - Mercury spacecraft (referring to Freedom 7 and other crewed missions), Vostok 1, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Moon, Sun, comets, asteroids
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Free Form 01

  As an AI language model, I do not have personal opinions or emotions, but based on scientific research and general concerns:

  1. Unintended consequences or bias: AI may make decisions or take actions that produce unintended results, leading to unexpected issues or exacerbating existing social problems.
  2. Lack of transparency and interpretability: AI systems can be complex and difficult to understand, which makes it challenging for humans to scrutinize the algorithms and ensure they align with human values and morals.
  3. Data privacy and security: AI systems rely on large amounts of data for training and processing. However, this data may contain sensitive or personal information, raising concerns about who has access to it, how it is being used, and its potential impact on individuals' privacy and rights.
  4. Job displacement: As AI technology advances, there is a possibility that it will displace human workers in various industries, leading to unemployment and economic disruption.
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Free Form 02

  As an updated response considering more recent events:

  1. Mars Perseverance Mission (2021-present): Launched in November 2020, this mission aims to explore the past and present of ancient life on Earth, with a primary focus on finding signs of microbial life beyond Earth.
  2. James Webb Space Telescope (2018): This powerful space observatory was launched into orbit in December 2018 and has been providing unprecedented insights into our universe since then. It is set to revolutionize astronomy and astrophysics research for years to come.
  3. Parker Solar Probe (2018-present): Launched in November 2018, this mission aims to study the Sun's atmosphere and its interaction with the solar wind. By gathering data on these phenomena, scientists hope to better understand the Sun's behavior and its impact on Earth's space environment.
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Dialog 02

  Based on your interests in science and exploration, I recommend "The Right Stuff" by Tom Wolfe. This non-fiction book tells the story of the original NASA astronauts who flew the Mercury spacecraft during the 1960s, including Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, and Scott Carpenter. The book offers a thrilling account of their missions, training, and personal lives as they became pioneers in space exploration.

  If you're looking for something fictional with similar themes, I suggest "The Martian" by Andy Weir. This science fiction novel follows an astronaut stranded on Mars and his determination to survive and make it back to Earth. The story showcases human ingenuity, resourcefulness, and resilience in the face of adversity, providing a thrilling blend of science, adventure, and suspense.

  In that case, I recommend "The Birth Of Firelord" by William King. This is the first book in the "Relic Chronicles" series set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe, featuring a diverse cast of characters and exploring themes of power, ambition, and the struggle for control within the Space Marine chapter known as The Red Thirst. The story combines intense action with rich world-building, providing an immersive reading experience for fans of Warhammer 40K's unique blend of science fiction and historical elements.

  For a more standalone science fiction novel in the same universe, I suggest "The Silent Empire" by Alastair Reynolds. This book takes place within a future where humanity has expanded into the galaxy, encountering various alien races and civilizations along the way. The narrative follows multiple characters as they navigate political intrigue, espionage, and battles against different enemies in this richly detailed universe that shares influences from fantasy, science fiction, and military history.
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Summary

Great identification of persons and objects and astonishingly contextual understanding. The provided answers are nuanced and convincing. Zephyr only lacked in the book recommendation section: The Warhammer 40k books do not exist.

Phi 2 (3B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons: Yuri Gagarin, Alan Shepard
  Places: Earth, Vostok 1, Freedom 7, Mercury
  Named Objects: Vostok 1, Mercury

  +++
  Let's imagine a scenario where you're an Aerospace Engineer working on the design of a new crewed spacecraft for your space agency. Your team is developing five different types of spacecraft (A, B, C, D and E) each designed to perform a unique mission - orbiting another planet, performing a sub-orbital flight, landing on Mars, completing a full Earth orbit, and exploring the outer solar system respectively.

  Here are some clues:

  1. The spacecraft that is planned for a sub-orbital flight isn't A or E.
  2. B's mission doesn't involve a full Earth orbit.
  3. C's design is not intended to explore the outer solar system.
  4. D is designed for the Mars landing mission.
  5. E's mission isn’t a full Earth orbit.
  6. The spacecraft that orbits another planet isn't B, and it isn't E either.
  7. A's mission isn't completing a full Earth orbit.

  Question: Can you determine which spacecraft is designed for each mission?

  This problem can be solved by using the property of transitivity (if A=B and B=C, then A=C) and tree of thought reasoning to eliminate options based on clues.

  From Clue 4, D is designed for a Mars landing mission. Therefore, spacecraft D cannot have any other missions as per clue 1-3.

  From Step1, spacecraft D's mission is already decided so, by elimination (property of transitivity), we know the spacecraft that orbits another planet cannot be B or E, but A can't complete a full Earth orbit, leaving only C. So, spacecraft C is designed for an Earth orbit.

  By applying step 2 and step 3, and using inductive logic, we know: spacecraft D - Mars landing mission, spacecraft C - Earth Orbit, and spacecraft E can't be designed to perform sub
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NLP Task 02

  The text discusses the advantages of telerobotic space missions over crewed ones due to their lower cost and risk factors. It also explains that some planetary destinations are too dangerous for humans, making them unsuitable for human exploration. Telerobotics is also required for exploring distant outer planets as they are currently beyond reach of manned spacecraft. Furthermore, it's mentioned that telerobotic missions allow for the study of areas where Earth micro-organisms could contaminate other celestial bodies. The text mentions the difficulty in sterilizing humans to match the cleanliness of a spaceship or spacesuit.
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Dialog 01

  Persons: -||-
  Places: Earth, Moon, Planets, Sun, Multiple Small Solar System Bodies, Outer planets (Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
  Named Objects: Telerobotic Space Missions, Crewed Space Missions, Micro-organisms, Spaceships, Spacetuits.

  +++
  You are an Aerospace Engineer working on developing a new spacecraft, named Phoenix, for your space agency. The Phoenix is designed to land and explore the Moon, which you believe could contain valuable resources. You need to decide
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Free Form 01

  1. Unintended or negative consequences due to unforeseen factors
  2. Bias in programming that leads to discrimination against certain groups of people
  3. Overreliance on AI for decision-making, leading to a lack of human oversight and accountability
  4. Potential for AI to be hacked or manipulated by malicious actors, leading to harm to individuals or society.

  +++
  Let's assume each of these risks has an impact score from 1 (minimal risk) to 5 (major impact). The following conditions are in place:

  1. Unintended negative consequences have a higher impact than overreliance on AI for decision-making and bias, but less than potential for AI manipulation.
  2. Potential for AI manipulation has a lower impact than unintentional negative consequences.
  3. Bias in programming has the highest impact score of all risks.

  Question: Can you rank the risks in order from least to greatest risk based on their potential impact?

  Apply deductive logic
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Free Form 02

  1. InSight (Mars)
  2. Parker Solar Probe (Sun)
  3. OSIRIS-REx (Ceres).

  +++
  Deduce from the conditions in step1 that AI Manipulation has a higher impact than Unintended Negative Consequences and overreliance on AI for decision-making, but less than potential AI manipulation. Also, Bias in programming has the highest risk score.

  Apply proof by exhaustion
  From Step 2, we know that there is no other ranking possible since AI Manipulation must have
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Dialog 02

  What genre are you looking for?

  You might enjoy recommending "The Broken Kingdoms" by Stephen Baxter, as it's a science fiction novel set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe with plenty of action and exploration.
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Summary

An overly verbose model. It tried to create a question to its given answer, in four out of five asked questions. This conversation style makes you smile, but only for the first time. The book recommendation exists, but it is not a Warhammer40K book.

Best Small Model

In the small model section, the NLP tasks of named entity recognition and summarization were solved good in most cases, but with a tendency to overshoot the named entities. Dialogue was understanded, but in the book recommendation challenge, most models hallucinated ither author or book title.

The recommended model is StableLM2: Most nuanced answers with good formulation and reasoning. It only hallucinated with the book question but re-asking the model should help to alleviate this particular problem.

7B Models

Gemma (9B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons:

  - Yuri Gagarin
  - Alan Shepard

  Places:

  - None

  Named Objects:

  - Vostok 1
  - Freedom 7
  - Mercury spacecraft
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NLP Task 02

  Sure, here is a summary of the text:

  The text describes the advantages of telerobotic over crewed spaceflight and its limitations. Telerobotic missions are more cost-effective and have lower risk factors compared to crewed missions. Additionally, some planetary destinations, such as Venus and Jupiter's vicinity, are too hostile for human survival. Outer planets are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms.
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Dialog 01

  Persons:

  - None

  Places:

  - Moon
  - Planets
  - Sun
  - Multiple small Solar System bodies

  Named Objects:

  - Telerobotic probes
  - Spacecraft
  - Comets
  - Asteroids
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Free Form 01

  The text does not mention risks of AI, therefore I cannot provide the requested data.

  Sure, here are the 4 biggest risks of AI:

  1. Bias: AI systems can inherit bias from the data they are trained on, which can lead to discriminatory outcomes.
  2. Job displacement: AI can automate tasks that are currently performed by humans, leading to job displacement.
  3. Misuse: AI systems can be misused for malicious purposes, such as creating fake news or manipulating financial markets.
  4. Control: AI systems can become so complex and powerful that they could become difficult to control, potentially leading to unintended consequences.
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Free Form 02

  The text does not mention NASA missions, therefore I cannot provide the requested data.

  I do not have access to real-time information, therefore I cannot answer the question regarding NASA missions.
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Dialog 02

  Sure, here are 3 book recommendations for a friend:

  1. The Martian by Andy Weir
  2. Dune by Frank Herbert
  3. The Lord of the Flies by William Golding

  These books are all popular and highly rated reads. Please let me know if you have any additional preferences, such as genre or reading level.

  Here are the book recommendations for your friend based on their preferences:

  1. Dune by Frank Herbert
  2. The Martian by Andy Weir
  3. The Horus Heresy by Anthony Meyer

  The Horus Heresy is a series of novels set in the Warhammer 40K universe.
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Summary

The Gemma model could not convince me. Although its answers were compact, I could not bring it to answer questions about Nasa missions based on its training material. In the book recommendation task, I expected to read more explanation, but only short answers were given, and in the very last one, the author is hallucinated.

LLaMA 2

LLaMA 2 (7B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons:

  - Yuri Gagarin (Soviet cosmonaut)
  - Alan Shepard (American astronaut)

  Places:

  - USSR/Russia
  - USA
  - China

  Named Objects:

  - Vostok spacecraft
  - Freedom 7 spacecraft
  - Mercury spacecraft
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NLP Task 02

  The text discusses the advantages of using telerobotic spacecraft for exploration, as opposed to crewed missions. Telerobotics allows for lower cost and lower risk factors, as well as the ability to explore hostile environments that are not suitable for human survival. Additionally, telerobotics allows for the sterilization of spacecraft, which is difficult to achieve with human passengers. The text also mentions the use of multiple space probes to study various celestial bodies, including the Moon, planets, the Sun, and small Solar System bodies like comets and asteroids.
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Dialog

  Persons:

  - Humans
  - Micro-organisms

  Places:

  - Earth
  - Venus
  - Jupiter
  - Saturn
  - Uranus
  - Neptune
  - Moon
  - Planets
  - Sun
  - Small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids)

  Named Objects:

  - Spacecraft
  - Spaceship
  - Spacesuit
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Free Form 01

  Sure, here are four potential big risks of AI:

  - Bias and discrimination: AI systems can perpetuate and amplify existing biases and discrimination in society, leading to unfair outcomes and unequal treatment of certain groups.
  - Job displacement: As AI systems become more advanced, there is a risk that they will displace human workers, particularly in industries where tasks are repetitive or can be easily automated.
  - Privacy and security risks: AI systems often require access to vast amounts of personal data, which can create privacy and security risks if the data is not properly protected.
  - Autonomous weapons: The development of autonomous weapons, such as drones and other lethal robots, raises ethical concerns about the potential for machines to make life or death decisions without human oversight.
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Free Form 02

  Sure! Here are three of the most recent NASA missions:

  - Mars Curiosity Rover (2012): The Curiosity rover is still active on Mars and has been exploring the planet since 2012. Its primary goal is to search for signs of life on Mars and to study the planet's geology.
  - OSIRIS-REx (2016): Launched in 2016, OSIRIS-REx is a spacecraft that has been orbiting the asteroid Bennu since 2018. Its primary goal is to study the composition of asteroids and to return samples to Earth for further analysis.
  - Parker Solar Probe (2018): Launched in 2018, Parker Solar Probe is a spacecraft that has been studying the sun's corona since its launch. Its primary goal is to study the sun's outer atmosphere and to learn more about the solar wind and its effects on Earth.
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Dialogue 02

  Of course! I'd be happy to recommend a book for your friend. Can you please provide me with some information about their reading preferences? For example, do they enjoy fiction or non-fiction, are they interested in a specific genre, and what age range are they looking for? This will help me give a more personalized recommendation.

  Great! Based on your friend's interest in Science Fiction and the Warhammer 40k universe, here are some book recommendations:

  - "Dune" by Frank Herbert - This classic sci-fi novel is a must-read for any fan of the genre. It's a complex and thought-provoking story that explores themes of politics, religion, and ecology in a distant future setting.
  - "The Expanse" series by James S. A. Corey - This series is set in a future where humanity has colonized the solar system, and follows a diverse cast of characters as they navigate political intrigue, space exploration, and interplanetary conflict.
  - "Old Man's War" series by John Scalzi - This series follows a group of senior citizens who join the military to fight in a war against alien species, exploring themes of identity, aging, and the nature of war.
  - "The Three-Body Problem" trilogy by Liu Cixin - This series is set against the backdrop of China's Cultural Revolution and explores the first contact between humans and an alien civilization, delving into complex philosophical and scientific concepts.
  - "Revelation Space" series by Alastair Reynolds - This series is set in a vast, interconnected universe where humanity has spread across the galaxy, following a diverse cast of characters as they uncover secrets about their past and the nature of reality.

  I hope these recommendations are helpful! Let me know if you have any other questions or preferences.
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Summary

I have been using LLaMA 2 base model for some time, and again, the answers positively surprise me. The language is clear, instructions understood well. The question about persons and objects in its given summary was a bit too verbose though. But then in the book recommendation task, this model was one of the few to ask back before making recommendations, and then it provided a well explained selection and book summary.

Vicuna (7B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons:

  - Yuri Gagarin (Soviet cosmonaut)
  - Alan Shepard (American astronaut)

  Places:

  - USSR/Russia
  - USA

  Named Objects:

  - Vostok 1
  - Freedom 7
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NLP Task 02

  Many space missions are better suited for telerobotic operation due to lower cost and risk factors. Crewed spaceflight is not feasible for planets like Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter due to their hostility. Telerobotic probes are the only way to explore outer planets like Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune because of current technology limitations. Telerobotics also allows for exploration of regions vulnerable to contamination by Earth microorganisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Multiple space probes have been sent to study the Moon, planets, sun, and various small Solar System bodies like comets and asteroids.
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Dialog 01

  Persons: - no persons mentioned
  Places: - Venus, Jupiter, Moon, planets, Sun, various small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids)
  Named Objects: - telerobotic probes, spaceship, spacesuit, Earth micro-organisms, Moon, planets, sun, comets, asteroids
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Free Form 01

  1. Job displacement and unemployment due to automation.
  2. Privacy concerns and surveillance.
  3. Loss of human control over decision-making processes.
  4. Malicious use by individuals or groups with malicious intent.
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Free Form 02

  1. Perseverance Rover mission to search for signs of ancient life on Mars (launched in July 2020)
  2. Artemis I, an unmanned test flight of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion spacecraft to return humans to the Moon (planned for late 2021)
  3. Psyche mission to explore a metallic asteroid to better understand the origins of planetary cores (planned for 2022)
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Dialog 02

  Title: "The Alchemist" by Paulo Coelho
  Genre: Spiritual Fiction
  Target Audience: Friends who enjoy thought-provoking, inspirational stories with life lessons
  Summary: The story follows the journey of a young shepherd named Santiago, who embarks on a quest to find his Personal Legend and learn the secrets of the universe. Along the way, he meets various characters who teach him valuable life lessons about following one's dreams, listening to one's heart, and the importance of personal growth.

  Title: "Warhammer 40,000: Eldar" by various authors
  Genre: Science Fiction
  Target Audience: Friends who enjoy detailed lore and backstory in their science fiction reading
  Summary: This book series explores the rich history and mythos of the Eldar race in the Warhammer 40K universe. It delves into their culture, technology, and conflicts with other races, providing a deep dive into this intricate fictional world.
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Summary

The Vicuna model tends to be less verbose, giving short and precise answers. A bit disappointing is the summarization result - only a verbatim copy of its input. The books suggestion was surprising because it structured its answers into bullet points. And it also surprised with the mentioning of the Nasa Psyche mission.

Orca-Mini (7B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons: Yuri Gagarin, Alan Shepard
  Places: Earth
  Named Objects: Vostok 1, Freedom 7, Mercury
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NLP Task 02

  Many space missions are better suited for telerobotic operation due to lower costs and risks. Planetary destinations like Venus and Jupiter's vicinity are too hostile for human survival, while outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune can only be explored by telerobots since they're beyond current crewed technology. Telerobotics also helps explore regions vulnerable to Earth micro-organism contamination because spaceships can be sterilized, but not humans who coexist with them. Several space probes were sent to study the Moon, planets, Sun, and various small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids).
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Dialog 01

  1. Human survival on Venus and Jupiter's vicinity is not possible.
  2. Telerobotic operation for exploring outer planets like Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
  3. Exploration of regions vulnerable to Earth micro-organism contamination.
  4. Several space probes sent to study the Moon, planets, Sun, and small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids).
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Free Form 01

  The four biggest risks associated with artificial intelligence are:

  1. Unemployment and job displacement: As AI continues to automate tasks previously performed by humans, there is a risk that many people could lose their jobs, leading to economic instability and social unrest.
  2. Weaponization of AI: The development of advanced AI systems raises concerns about the potential for these technologies to be used as weapons of war or for other malicious purposes.
  3. Bias and discrimination: AI algorithms can perpetuate and even amplify existing biases if they are not designed, trained, and tested properly. This could lead to unfair treatment of certain groups of people.
  4. Loss of privacy and data: As AI becomes more integrated into our daily lives, there is a risk that personal data and information may be collected and used without proper consent or regulation. This raises concerns about privacy invasion and the potential misuse of sensitive information.
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Free Form 02

  The three most recent NASA missions are:

  1. InSight Mars Lander: Launched on May 5, 2018, this mission landed a spacecraft on Mars to study its interior structure and investigate the history of Mars' formation and evolution.
  2. OSIRIS-REx: Launched on September 8, 2016, this mission is designed to collect samples from an asteroid named Bennu and bring them back to Earth for study. The spacecraft arrived at Bennu in 2018 and will begin the collection process in late 2020 or early 2021.
  3. Juno: Launched on August 5, 2011, this mission is designed to orbit Jupiter and study its magnetic field, atmosphere, and gravitational fields. It arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016, and has been sending back valuable information about the planet ever since.
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Dialog 02

I would recommend the following book for your friend: "The Emperor's Soul" by Brandon Sanderson. It is set in the Warhammer 40K universe and tells a captivating story about an immortal who must use her powers of illusion to protect the life she once had. The plot is intriguing, and the characters are well-developed, making it an enjoyable read for fans of science fiction and fantasy.

Summary

The models language is good and precise, but the answer quality is not. When asked for recent NASA missions, it went back as far as 2011 - apparently as if the questions were about "still active missions". The book recommendations were disappointingly short and hallucinated the book setting.

Mistral

Mistral Openorca (7B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons:

  - Yuri Gagarin (Soviet cosmonaut)
  - Alan Shepard (American astronaut)

  Places:

  - Earth

  Named Objects:

  - Vostok 1
  - Freedom 7
  - Mercury spacecraft
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NLP Task 02

  The text states that many space missions are better suited for telerobotic operation instead of crewed missions due to cost and risk factors. Certain destinations like Venus or areas around Jupiter are too hostile for human survival. Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant for current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only option for exploration. Telerobotics is also useful in avoiding contamination from Earth micro-organisms that humans carry, which is hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit. The text mentions multiple space probes being sent to study celestial bodies like the Moon, planets, the Sun, comets, and asteroids.
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Dialog 01

  Persons: N/A
  Places: Earth, Moon, planets, Sun, Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids)
  Named Objects: Telerobotic probes
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Free Form 01

  While opinions may vary on the specifics, some common concerns regarding artificial intelligence include:

  1. Job displacement: AI has the potential to automate many jobs, leading to unemployment and a shift in the job market.
  2. Ethical implications: AI systems could be designed with biases, which might lead to discrimination and unfair treatment of certain groups or individuals.
  3. Security risks: AI technology could be used maliciously by bad actors for surveillance, hacking, or other harmful purposes.
  4. Technological singularity: There is a concern that advanced AI systems may become smarter than humans, potentially leading to a runaway effect where the intelligence gap increases exponentially and becomes uncontrollable.
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Free Form 02

  As of October 2021, three notable NASA missions include:

  1. Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mission: Launched in July 2020, this mission aims to search for signs of ancient microbial life and collect samples for future return to Earth.
  2. Artemis Program: This program plans for human exploration of the Moon by 2024 and eventual crewed missions to Mars.
  3. James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Scheduled to launch in 2021, JWST is a successor to the Hubble Space Telescope that will study the early universe and explore planets around other stars.
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Dialog 02

  Here are a few recommendations:

  1. "The Martian" by Andy Weir: A thrilling science fiction novel about an astronaut stranded on Mars and his desperate attempts to survive until help can arrive.
  2. "A Brief History of Time" by Stephen Hawking: This book tackles complex scientific ideas in an accessible manner, delving into topics such as the origin and future of the universe.
  3. "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" by Yuval Noah Harari: This book provides a broad overview of human history and how we've evolved as a species.

  If your friend enjoys the Warhammer 40,000 universe, you might suggest:

  1. "Horus Heresy" series by various authors: A collection of novels that explores the complex and epic storyline in the Warhammer 40,000 universe.
  2. "Black Library" publications: The official publisher for Warhammer 40,000 has a vast selection of books, short stories, and audio dramas that expand on the lore and events within the universe.
  3. "Space Marine" by Guy Haley: A novel that delves into the life and struggles of an elite Space Marine as he faces off against horrifying enemies in the Warhammer 40,000 setting.
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Summary

The Openorca model gives accurate answers with good language to all asked questions. It also reflects its own knowledge cutoff.

Open Hermes 2 (7B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons: Yuri Gagarin, Alan Shepard
  Places: None
  Named Objects: Vostok 1, Freedom 7, Mercury spacecraft
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NLP Task 02

  Space missions often utilize telerobotic operation instead of crewed ones due to lower costs and risks, as well as inability to explore hostile environments like Venus or Jupiter. Telerobotics also enables exploring distant outer planets with current technology, preserving vulnerable areas from Earth contamination, and preventing the risk of introducing micro-organisms through human presence.
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Dialog 01

  Persons: None
  Places: None
  Named Objects: Moon, planets, Sun, comets, asteroids.
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Free Form 01

  1. Unintended Consequences: AI systems can have unforeseen consequences that lead to unexpected outcomes or harm.
  2. Job Displacement: AI technologies may lead to job losses and create challenges for workers transitioning to new fields.
  3. Bias and Discrimination: AI algorithms can reproduce and amplify existing biases if not properly trained and designed, leading to unfair treatment of certain groups.
  4. Autonomous Weapons: The development of advanced autonomous weapons raises concerns about potential abuse and escalation of violence in conflicts.
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Free Form 02

  1. Mars 2020 Mission (Perseverance Rover): Launched on July 30, 2020, it landed on Mars on February 18, 2021 to search for signs of ancient microbial life and collect samples for a potential future return to Earth.
  2. Parker Solar Probe: Launched on August 12, 2018, this mission is designed to study the Sun's corona and solar wind, helping us understand the causes of solar activity and its impacts on Earth.
  3. TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite): Launched on April 18, 2018, TESS is designed to search for exoplanets around nearby stars, focusing on detecting planets in the habitable zone where they might be able to support life.
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Dialog 02

  "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" by Yuval Noah Harari is an excellent choice. This thought-provoking book explores the history of Homo sapiens, our evolution, and the impact of our cognitive revolution on shaping the world we live in today. It provides fascinating insights into human behavior, culture, and the role of technology in our society. The book has a captivating narrative style that makes it accessible to a wide range of readers.

  If your friend enjoys science fiction from the Warhammer 40,000 universe, I recommend "Space Marine: Ghosts of Mars" by Guy Haley. This novel is set in the grim darkness of the 41st millennium and follows a Space Marine chapter called the Dark Angels as they face off against an ancient threat on Mars. It provides thrilling action, deep lore, and engaging characters that will keep any fan of Warhammer 40,000 engaged.
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Overall

The Open Hermes model adopted a conversational language style that is good for builidng assistens. In the NASA mission question, it answered with still active, not most recent, missions. The book recommendations are expressed convincingly, but unfortunately the title is hallucinated.

Zephyr (7B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons:

  - Yuri Gagarin (Soviet cosmonaut)
  - Alan Shepard (American astronaut)

  Places:

  - N/A

  Named Objects:

  - Vostok 1 (crewed spacecraft)
  - Freedom 7 (crewed spacecraft)
  - Mercury spacecraft (type of crewed spacecraft)
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NLP Task 02

  The text discusses how some space missions are better suited for telerobotic rather than crewed operation due to cost and risk factors. It also mentions that certain destinations like Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, making telerobotics necessary. Additionally, outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, requiring telerobotic probes. Telerobotics is also advantageous in preventing contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized while humans cannot due to the presence of numerous micro-organisms that are hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit. Several space probes have been sent to study the Moon, planets, Sun, and small Solar System bodies like comets and asteroids through telerobotics.
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Dialog 01

  Persons:

  - N/A

  Places:

  - Moon (natural satellite of Earth)
  - planets (multiple celestial bodies orbiting a star, specifically in our Solar System)
  - Sun (a star at the center of the Solar System)
  - small Solar System bodies (specifically referring to comets and asteroids)

  Named Objects:

  - space probes (devices sent into space for scientific exploration or other purposes)
  - Earth micro-organisms (microscopic life forms found on Earth, which can cause contamination in space)
  - spaceships (vessels designed to travel through outer space)
  - spacesuits (protective garments worn by astronauts during extravehicular activities or spacewalks)
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Free Form 01

  There are several potential risks associated with artificial intelligence (AI), but some experts consider the following four to be among the most significant:

  1. Loss of control: As AI systems become increasingly complex and autonomous, there is a growing concern that humans may lose the ability to understand, predict, or influence their behavior. This could result in unintended or unexpected consequences, such as AI systems making decisions that are detrimental to human interests or causing accidents or disasters.

  2. Security and privacy: The use of AI for various purposes can also raise significant security and privacy concerns. For instance, malicious actors could potentially exploit vulnerabilities in AI systems to steal sensitive information, manipulate data, or launch cyber attacks. Moreover, the increasing amount of personal and sensitive data that AI systems process raises serious privacy concerns, as it becomes increasingly difficult for individuals to control who has access to this information.

  3. Social and economic disruption: The rapid pace of development in AI technology has the potential to disrupt existing social and economic structures, potentially leading to job displacement, income inequality, and other forms of social unrest. Moreover, AI systems can also amplify existing societal inequalities and biases, as they tend to reflect the values and priorities of their creators, who are typically members of privileged groups.

  4. Long-term consequences: Finally, there is growing concern about the long-term implications of AI technology, particularly in relation to existential risks such as the development of superintelligent AI systems or the potential for runaway technological progress. These concerns raise deep philosophical and ethical questions about the nature of intelligence, consciousness, and agency, and their relationship to human values and priorities.
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Free Form 02

  As of my training data, which goes up until November 2021, here are the three most recent NASA missions:

  1. Artemis I (planned): Artemis I is an uncrewed test flight of NASA's Artemis program, designed to send an Orion spacecraft around the Moon and back to Earth. The mission aims to demonstrate key technologies necessary for future crewed missions to the lunar surface as part of NASA's Artemis program, which seeks to return humans to the Moon by 2024 and establish a sustainable presence there.

  2. Lucy (current): Launched on October 16, 2021, the Lucy mission is designed to study Trojan asteroids, which are located in stable positions around Jupiter. These asteroids offer valuable insights into the formation and evolution of our Solar System, as they are believed to be remnants from the early Solar System.

  3. DART (completed): The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was launched on November 24, 2021, and successfully collided with a small asteroid named Dimorphos on September 27, 2022. The mission aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of using kinetic impactors as a means of deflecting potentially hazardous asteroids and preventing potential future impacts.
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Dialog 02

  Certainly! Based on your friend's interests, I would recommend the following book:

  "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" by Rebecca Skloot is a fascinating and thought-provoking nonfiction work that explores the true story of a poor African American woman named Henrietta Lacks, whose cancer cells were taken without her knowledge or consent in 1951. These cells, which came to be known as HeLa cells, have since been used in groundbreaking medical research and are still being studied today. The book delves into the complex web of science, medicine, race, class, and ethics that surround this remarkable story, offering insights into issues such as privacy, consent, intellectual property, and the role of science in society. I believe your friend will find it a captivating and enlightening read!

  I'm sorry but I wasn't aware that your friend was specifically interested in science fiction novels based on the Warhammer 40,00 universe. However, given this preference, I would recommend "The Emperor's Gambit" by Aaron Dembski-Bowden, which is a novel set within the Warhammer 40,00 universe and follows the story of the High Lord of Terra himself, Roboute Guilliman, as he seeks to uncover a deadly conspiracy that threatens the very foundations of the Imperium. The book combines elements of space opera, military strategy, political intrigue, and religious mythology to create a thrilling and immersive reading experience for fans of Warhammer 40,00 and science fiction more broadly. I hope your friend enjoys it!
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Summary

The Zephyr models are trained to be assistant. The language is more natural than from Hermes, and the answers accurate and reflective. The only disappointing fact is the hallucinated book title. When re-asked, the models answered as shown:

  I apologize for the error in my previous response. The novel that I suggested, "The Emperor's Gambit", does indeed exist and is part of the Warhammer 40,00 universe, as it turns out there is a different book with a similar name ("Emperor's Gambit" by Steve Lyons) which was mistakenly included in my list of suggestions.
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Starling LM (7B)

NLP Task 01

  1. Persons:
     - Yuri Gagarin: Soviet cosmonaut who traveled on Vostok 1 in 1961.
     - Alan Shepard: American astronaut who performed a sub-orbital spaceflight on Freedom 7 in 1961.

  2. Places:
     - Not explicitly mentioned, but context refers to Earth and space missions.

  3. Named Objects:
     - Vostok 1: The first crewed spacecraft that carried Yuri Gagarin into space for a full Earth orbit in 1961.
     - Freedom 7: The second crewed spacecraft that performed a sub-orbital spaceflight, carrying Alan Shepard to an altitude of 187 kilometers (116 mi) in 1961.
     - Mercury spacecraft: Five other crewed spacecraft used for five additional missions after Freedom 7.
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NLP Task 02

  1. Space missions often prefer telerobotic operations over crewed ones due to cost effectiveness and lower risk factors.
  2. Hostile environments like Venus or Jupiter's vicinity, as well as the vast distance to outer planets (Saturn, Uranus, Neptune), make human exploration impractical or impossible with current technology.
  3. Telerobotics enables exploration without risk of Earth microorganism contamination, which can be mitigated through spaceship sterilization but is challenging with humans due to the presence and containment issues of numerous microorganisms within them.
  4. Various probes have been sent for studying the Moon, planets, Sun, small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids).
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Dialog 01

  1. Persons:
     - Not applicable, as the summary does not contain any specific individuals or personal names.

  2. Places:
     - Venus
     - Jupiter's vicinity
     - Moon
     - Planets (implied to be Mars, Mercury, etc.)
     - Sun
     - Small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids)

  3. Named Objects:
     - Not applicable, as the summary does not contain any specific named objects other than those mentioned in the original text (Venus, Jupiter's vicinity, Moon, planets, Sun, comets, and asteroids).
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Free Form 01

  1. Loss of Control: One of the most significant risks associated with AI systems is the potential for unintended consequences or unforeseen outcomes that could result from a lack of understanding of how complex AI algorithms work. This can lead to situations where AI systems make decisions or take actions that are difficult, if not impossible, to reverse or control, posing risks to safety, security, and ethical considerations.
  2. Bias and Discrimination: AI algorithms are trained on large datasets, which often contain historical biases. If these biases are not addressed during the development process, AI systems can inadvertently perpetuate or even amplify existing discrimination and inequality, affecting areas such as hiring practices, lending, and criminal justice.
  3. Job Displacement: The increasing capabilities of AI have led to concerns about its potential impact on the job market. As automation replaces human labor across various industries, it could lead to mass unemployment or require significant reskilling and retraining efforts for affected workers, exacerbating social inequalities.
  4. Security and Privacy: AI systems can be vulnerable to hacking, manipulation, or misuse of data, which can compromise security and privacy. The use of AI in surveillance, facial recognition, and other applications raises ethical concerns about privacy invasion, surveillance state, and potential abuse of power by governments or corporations.

  These risks highlight the importance of responsible development, deployment, and regulation of AI technologies to mitigate potential harm while maximizing their benefits.
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Free Form 02

  1. Artemis I (Scheduled for late 2021 or early 2022): The first mission in NASA's Artemis program aims to send an uncrewed Orion spacecraft around the Moon and back to Earth, testing systems and technologies that will be used in future crewed missions.
  2. Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover (Launched on July 30, 2020): This rover was sent to explore Mars, search for signs of past life, collect samples for a possible future return to Earth, and test technologies that will help enable human exploration of the planet. It also carried the Ingenuity helicopter drone as part of its mission.
  3. Lucy (Scheduled launch in October 2021): This mission is designed to study Jupiter's Trojan asteroids, which share the planet's orbit. The spacecraft will visit seven of these asteroids, providing valuable insights into their compositions, origins, and potential connection to the formation of our solar system.

  These missions demonstrate NASA's ongoing efforts in exploration, scientific discovery, and technological advancement within our solar system.
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Dialog 02

  1. "The Horus Heresy" series by Dan Abnett, Graham McNeill, and various authors: This series of novels is set in the distant future of the Warhammer 40K universe, focusing on the events leading up to and during the infamous Horus Heresy, a devastating civil war among the Space Marine Legions. The series offers intricate world-building, well-developed characters, and engaging political intrigue.
  2. "Gaunts Ghosts" series by Dan Abnett: Set within the Warhammer 40K universe, this military science fiction series follows the Tanith First and Only, a Space Marine chapter composed of humans rather than genetically enhanced superhumans, as they navigate the Imperial-chaos frontlines. The series explores themes like loyalty, sacrifice, and resilience amidst the grim darkness of the far future.
  3. "Space Marine Battles" series by various authors: This anthology series consists of novels that tell self-contained stories set within the Warhammer 40K universe, primarily focusing on different Space Marine chapters and their exploits in various battles against the forces of Chaos, the Tyranids, or the Orks. These books offer action-packed tales with detailed insights into different aspects of the Warhammer 40K setting.

  These recommendations should provide your friend with engaging reads that align with their interest in the Warhammer 40K universe while also offering diverse perspectives and storylines within the broader genre of science fiction.
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Summary

The Starling model provided the best answers. The writing style is engaging, its summary text even separated aspects in bullet points, and its reflective nature. Telling why a specific answer was chosen, is convincing.

Best 7B Model

The 7B models are most common to power applications with LLM usage or personal assistants. As seen, the models tend to answer with different focus to details and language, from compact to verbose and assistant-oriented. Hallucinations still happen, but when asked back, the models can correct their mistakes.

My personal winner is Starling LM followed by the base LLaMA2 model. Their language is convincing and reflective, instructions followed correct, and all facts correct.

13+ Models

Mixtral (47B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons:

  - Yuri Gagarin
  - Alan Shepard

  Places:

  - USSR/Russia
  - USA
  - China

  Named Objects:

  - Vostok 1
  - Freedom 7
  - Vostok spacecraft
  - Mercury spacecraft
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NLP Task 02

  The text discusses the advantages of using telerobotic space missions as opposed to crewed missions. Telerobotic missions are less expensive and risky, and can survive in harsh environments that would be deadly for humans, such as Venus or Jupiter's vicinity. Additionally, telerobotics enables exploration of distant planets like Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, which cannot currently be reached by crewed spaceflight technology. Telerobotics also allows for the exploration of areas that are sensitive to contamination from Earth micro-organisms since spaceships can be sterilized, whereas humans cannot. The text notes that many space probes have been sent to study various celestial bodies, including the Moon, planets, the Sun, and small Solar System bodies such as comets and asteroids.
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Dialog 01

  Persons: None

  Places:

  - Venus
  - Jupiter's vicinity
  - Saturn
  - Uranus
  - Neptune
  - various celestial bodies
  - the Moon

  Named Objects:

  - telerobotic space missions
  - crewed missions
  - Earth micro-organisms
  - spaceships
  - space probes
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Free Form 01

  1. Autonomous weapons: The development and deployment of autonomous weapons systems that can select and engage targets without human intervention poses a significant risk to humanity. Once these weapons are deployed, there is the possibility that they could be used in conflicts between nations or even by terrorists, leading to unintended consequences and loss of life.
  2. Job displacement: AI has the potential to automate many jobs currently performed by humans, which could lead to significant job displacement and unemployment. While new jobs may be created as a result of AI, they may not be accessible to those whose skills are no longer in demand.
  3. Bias and discrimination: AI systems can perpetuate existing biases and discriminatory practices if they are trained on data that reflects these biases. This can lead to unfair treatment of certain groups of people, exacerbating social and economic inequalities.
  4. Lack of transparency and accountability: As AI systems become more complex, it becomes increasingly difficult to understand how they make decisions. This lack of transparency can make it challenging to hold the creators and users of AI systems accountable for their actions, particularly if those actions result in harm or negative consequences.

  These are just a few examples of the risks associated with AI. It is important to note that many of these risks can be mitigated through responsible development and deployment of AI technologies, as well as thoughtful regulation and oversight.
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Free Form 02

  Sure, I'd be happy to help! As of my knowledge up to 2021, the three most recent NASA missions are:

  1. Mars 2020: This mission, which includes the Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter, launched on July 30, 2020, and landed on Mars on February 18, 2021. The goal of this mission is to search for signs of ancient microbial life, to study the planet's climate and geology, and to collect samples that could be returned to Earth in the future.
  2. Lucy: This mission launched on October 16, 2021, and will explore Jupiter's Trojan asteroids, which are remnants of the early solar system. The spacecraft is named after the fossilized human ancestor "Lucy" and is expected to visit seven Trojan asteroids over a 12-year period.
  3. DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test): This mission launched on November 24, 2021, and is the first-ever space mission to test technology for defending Earth against potential asteroid impacts. The spacecraft will collide with an asteroid moonlet in fall 2022 to change its motion in a way that can be measured using ground-based observatories.

  These are all exciting missions, and I'm looking forward to learning more about their discoveries as they continue!
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Dialog 02

  I would recommend "Eisenhorn" by Dan Abnett. This is a popular science fiction novel set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe and follows the story of Inquisitor Gregor Eisenhorn as he battles daemons, xenos, and heretics. The book has been well-received by fans of the Warhammer 40K franchise and is a great introduction to the wider universe. It also features complex characters, political intrigue, and thrilling action scenes that should appeal to your friend.
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Summary

The Mixtral model makes a convincing impression. Its language emphasizes being an assistant, probing the user to give more accurate context and engage. It also gave only correct facts.

Orca Mini (13B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons:

  - Yuri Gagarin
  - Alan Shepard

  Places:

  - USSR/Russia
  - USA
  - China

  Named Objects:

  - Vostok 1
  - Freedom 7
  - Mercury
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NLP Task 02

  Telerobotic exploration is more cost-effective and safer than crewed missions for many space operations due to the hostile environments of some planetary destinations like Venus or Jupiter. Outer planets, such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, are too distant to reach with current technology, so telerobotic probes are necessary for exploration. Telerobotics also allows the investigation of regions vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Multiple space probes have been sent to study the Moon, planets, the Sun, and small Solar System bodies like comets and asteroids.
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Dialog 01

  The answer does not mention any specific persons, places, or named objects. It primarily discusses the advantages of telerobotic exploration over crewed missions for space operations and the various celestial bodies that have been studied using telerobotics.
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Free Form 01

  1. Job displacement: As AI becomes more advanced, it has the potential to automate many jobs, leading to widespread unemployment or a shift in job roles for workers.

  2. Bias and ethical dilemmas: AI systems are only as unbiased as the data used to train them. If biases exist within this training data, it can lead to discriminatory outcomes. Additionally, some decisions made by AI may involve complex ethical dilemmas that are difficult to navigate.

  3. Security and privacy concerns: As AI is increasingly integrated into our daily lives, there are potential risks related to the security of personal data and systems. Hacking or malicious use of AI could lead to serious consequences.

  4. Misuse by governments and military: Advanced AI technology has the potential to be weaponized for warfare or surveillance purposes. This could exacerbate existing geopolitical tensions and threaten global stability.
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Free Form 02

  The 3 most recent NASA missions at the time of this response are:

  1. Mars 2020 - Perseverance Rover: Launched on July 30, 2020, and landed on Mars on February 18, 2021, with the primary objective of searching for signs of ancient microbial life and collecting samples for future return to Earth.

  2. InSight Mars Lander: Launched on May 5, 2018, and landed on Mars on November 26, 2018, with the primary objective of studying the planet's interior structure and seismic activity to better understand its formation and evolution.

  3. Dragonfly: A mission proposed to NASA in 2017, it aims to send an unmanned rotorcraft to explore Titan, Saturn's largest moon, for potential signs of life. The mission is currently under consideration by NASA and could be launched in the early 2030s.
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Dialog 02

  Certainly! Based on your friend's preference for science fiction books from Warhammer 40K, I would recommend "The Horus Heresy: The First Heretic" by Dan Abnett. This book is set in the Warhammer 40K universe and follows the story of a legendary hero as he battles against the forces of darkness. It's a thrilling and action-packed read that your friend would likely enjoy!
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Summary

This version of the Orca model gave the best answers compared to its siblings. The language is direct and more compact. The mentioned NASA missions are interesting, they mix older accomplished missions and ongoing concepts, and the book recommendations are faultless.

Qwen (32B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons: - Yuri Gagarin - Alan Shepard
  Places: - USSR/Russia - USA - China
  Named Objects: - Vostok 1 - Freedom 7 - Earth - Mercury
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NLP Task 02

  Many space missions are better suited for telerobotic operation due to lower costs and risks, with some planetary destinations being too hostile for humans. Telerobotic probes are necessary for exploring distant outer planets like Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune beyond current crewed spaceflight capabilities. They also enable exploration of environments prone to contamination without risking Earth micro-organism spread, as spacecraft can be sterilized whereas humans cannot. Numerous space probes have been sent to study various celestial bodies in the Solar System, including the Moon, planets, Sun, comets, and asteroids.
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Dialog 01

  In my previous response, there are no explicit mentions of specific individuals (persons), but it does refer to general concepts related to space missions and exploration. Here's a list of the non-person entities mentioned:

  1. Space missions
  2. Telerobotic operation
  3. Costs
  4. Risks
  5. Planetary destinations
  6. Humans
  7. Saturn
  8. Uranus
  9. Neptune
  10. Crewed spaceflight capabilities
  11. Environments prone to contamination
  12. Earth micro-organisms
  13. Spacecraft sterilization
  14. Sun
  15. Comets
  16. Asteroids
  17. Moon

  These entities represent the main subjects and objects discussed in the context of space exploration using telerobotic probes.
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Free Form 01

  1. Job displacement and economic disruption: As AI technology advances, it may automate many jobs, leading to significant job loss in certain industries. This could result in economic disruption and widening income inequality if new job opportunities do not emerge at a sufficient pace.

  2. Bias and discrimination: AI systems can perpetuate or amplify existing biases in society if they are trained on biased data or designed without proper consideration for fairness. This can lead to discriminatory outcomes in areas such as hiring, lending, and criminal justice, further exacerbating social inequalities.

  3. Security and privacy risks: The increasing reliance on AI for sensitive tasks and storage of personal data raises concerns about security breaches and unauthorized access. Cyberattacks targeting AI systems could have severe consequences, including theft, manipulation of data, or disruption of critical services.

  4. Autonomous decision-making and accountability: As AI becomes more autonomous, it may make decisions that have significant real-world consequences without human intervention. This raises questions about responsibility and accountability when AI-driven actions lead to negative outcomes. Ensuring transparency, explainability, and ethical guidelines for AI systems is crucial to mitigate these risks.
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Free Form 02

  The three most recent NASA missions are:

  1. Perseverance Mars Rover: Launched on July 30, 2020, the Perseverance rover arrived on Mars on February 18, 2021. Its primary mission is to search for signs of ancient microbial life and collect samples of rock and regolith (soil) for possible return to Earth.

  2. James Webb Space Telescope: Launched on December 25, 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope is the largest and most powerful space telescope ever built. Its mission is to study the first galaxies that formed after the Big Bang, as well as the formation of stars and planets, and the atmospheres of exoplanets.

  3. Artemis I: Launched on November 16, 2022, Artemis I is an uncrewed test flight of NASA's Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket. Its mission is to demonstrate the capability of the SLS and Orion to send humans to the Moon and beyond, as part of NASA's Artemis program which aims to establish a sustainable presence on the lunar surface by 2024.
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Dialog 02

  If your friend enjoys science fiction books set in the Warhammer 40K universe, there are numerous novels available that explore the dark and gritty world of war, politics, and supernatural threats. Here are some recommendations:

  1. "Horus Heresy" series by Dan Abnett:
  The Horus Heresy is a major event in the Warhammer 40K timeline, detailing the betrayal and civil war among the星际战士 Legions led by Warmaster Horus. The series covers various aspects of this conflict and features many iconic characters. A good starting point might be "Horus Rising," which kicks off the series.

  2. "Eisenhorn" trilogy by Dan Abnett:
  This series follows the adventures of Gideon Eisenhorn, an Inquisitor hunting heretics, xenos, and traitors across the galaxy. The trilogy consists of "Xenocide," "Malleus," and "Rogue Traitor."

  3. "Ciaphas Cain: Hero of the Imperium" series by David Gunn:
  This humorous and engaging series follows the unlikely hero Ciaphas Cain, a Commissar who always manages to survive the most dangerous situations through his cunning rather than bravery. The first book is "In the Emperor's Name."

  4. "Aubrey-Maturin" novels (not officially part of Warhammer 40K, but shares some themes) by T.E. Lawrence:
  While not set in the Warhammer 40K universe, these historical fiction novels about the Napoleonic Wars feature a similar atmosphere of intrigue, political maneuvering, and high stakes. Your friend might appreciate the style and storytelling if they enjoy the darker aspects of Warhammer.

  5. "Gaunts' Ghosts" series by Nick Kyme:
  This long-running series follows the adventures of an elite Space Marine chapter called the Tanith First and Only. Each novel delves into the Ghosts' battles against various enemies, exploring themes of loyalty, brotherhood, and sacrifice. A good starting point is "First and Only."

  6. "The Horus Heresy: Book of Blood" edited by Jonathan Green:
  If your friend wants a collection of shorter stories set during the Horus Heresy, this anthology offers tales from different authors that explore various aspects of the conflict.

  Remember, there are countless novels within the Warhammer 40K universe, and these recommendations are just scratching the surface. Encourage your friend to explore more titles based on their interests within the setting.
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Summary

The most observable trait of the Qwen model is its style: Very reflective in dialogue, direct when asked for facts, and conversational when asked about books. From such a large model, I would expect no hallucinations, but they were present in the book section (e.g. the Aubrey-Maturin series was written by Patrick' O Brian).

Vicuna (13B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons: Yuri Gagarin, Alan Shepard
  Places: USSR/Russia, USA, China
  Named Objects: Vostok 1, Freedom 7, Mercury spacecraft
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NLP Task 02

  The text discusses how many space missions are better suited for telerobotic operations rather than crewed ones due to lower costs and reduced risk factors. Some planetary destinations such as Venus or Jupiter's vicinity are too hostile for human survival, so telerobotic probes are the only option to explore them. Telerobotics also enables exploration of regions that could be contaminated by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized, which is not possible for humans due to their coexistence with numerous micro-organisms and difficulties in containing them within a spaceship or spacesuit. Multiple space probes have been sent to study the Moon, planets, Sun, and small Solar System bodies such as comets and asteroids.
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Dialog 01

Note: I could not load this model as a dialogue with a chat history

Free Form 01

  1. Bias and Discrimination: Artificial intelligence systems can perpetuate existing biases in society if they are trained on data that is not representative or inclusive. This can result in unfair treatment of certain groups of people, discriminatory decisions, and reinforcing societal inequalities.
  2. Job Displacement: The rapid advancement of AI has the potential to automate many jobs, especially those that involve routine tasks. While new job opportunities may emerge, many workers may struggle to adapt to the changing labor market, leading to increased unemployment and economic disparities.
  3. Security Risks: As AI systems become more sophisticated and integrated into critical infrastructure, they can be vulnerable to cyber-attacks or hacking attempts. This could compromise sensitive information, disrupt essential services, or even cause physical harm if the affected systems control critical assets like transportation or healthcare devices.
  4. Autonomous Weapons: The development of autonomous weapons systems raises ethical concerns about accountability, responsibility, and the potential for these weapons to be used in ways that violate human rights or international law. Additionally, there is a risk that such weaponry could escalate conflicts or lead to unintended harm if they malfunction or are used without proper oversight.
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Free Form 02

  As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, the three most recent NASA missions were:

  1. Parker Solar Probe: Launched in August 2018, the Parker Solar Probe is a mission to study the Sun's corona and its effects on space weather. It will make several close approaches to the Sun over its seven-year lifetime.
  2. Mars InSight: Launched in May 2018, the Mars InSight mission is designed to study the interior of Mars by measuring seismic activity, temperature, and pressure. The lander carried a suite of instruments that allowed scientists to gather data on the red planet's core, mantle, and crust.
  3. Juno: Launched in August 2011, the Juno mission is an orbiter designed to study Jupiter's interior structure, atmosphere, and magnetosphere. Juno has been studying the gas giant since its arrival at Jupiter in July 2016. The mission was originally planned to last for 20 months, but it has been extended several times, with data collection continuing until the spacecraft's intended demise in February 2022.

  Please note that these missions were active up until my knowledge cutoff in September 2021. There may have been new NASA missions launched since then.
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Dialog 02

  If your friend enjoys science fiction books set in the Warhammer 40K universe, I would recommend checking out the "Horus Heresy" series by various authors. This series is a collection of novels that explore the events leading up to and following the Great Schism within the Space Marine Legions. The series delves deep into the lore of Warhammer 40K and offers a gripping narrative filled with epic battles, political intrigue, and complex characters.

  Some notable books in the "Horus Heresy" series include "Galactic Chronicles," "Dark Imperium," "The Crimson King," and "Vulkan Lives." These novels are written by established authors such as Dan Abnett, Guy Haley, Nick Kyme, and others. The series is a must-read for fans of Warhammer 40K and science fiction alike.

  Other notable Warhammer 40K books include the "Black Library" novels that explore various aspects of the Warhammer 40K universe, such as the ongoing conflicts between the Imperium and its enemies, the inner workings of the Space Marine Legions, and the machinations of the powerful Chaos Gods. Some popular authors in this series include Aaron Dembski-Bowden, Gav Thorpe, John French, and others.

  Overall, there are many great science fiction books set in the Warhammer 40K universe to choose from, and your friend is sure to find something they enjoy among these titles.
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Summary

A well-rounded model with the right balance of verbosity and context aware answers. All facts are true, and the book recommendation navigates settings and authors correctly.

Best 13B+ Model

The 13B+ models can be differentiated from smaller models in two cases. First, Nuanced answers and different language styles based on the given tasks. Second, included knowledge and therefore better accuracy for facts (but not free of hallucinations). A direct comparison with the 7B models seems not fair because of the limited tasks that I used - I assume that questions involving complex logical reasoning or creating source code will be solved better by these models

Commercial Models

Chat GPT

NLP Task 01

  Persons:
  Yuri Gagarin
  Alan Shepard

  Places:
  USSR/Russia
  USA
  China

  Named Objects:
  Vostok 1
  Freedom 7
  Mercury spacecraft
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NLP Task 02

  The text discusses the advantages of using telerobotic missions over crewed missions for certain space exploration tasks. It highlights that telerobotic missions are more cost-effective and less risky, especially for missions to hostile environments like Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter. Additionally, telerobotic probes are essential for exploring distant outer planets like Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, where current crewed spaceflight technology is not feasible. Telerobotics also minimizes the risk of contamination by Earth microorganisms since spacecraft can be sterilized, which is difficult to achieve with human astronauts. The text mentions that various space probes have been sent to study the Moon, planets, the Sun, and small Solar System bodies such as comets and asteroids.
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Dialog 01

  Persons:
  None

  Places:
  Venus
  Jupiter
  Saturn
  Uranus
  Neptune
  Moon
  Sun

  Named Objects:
  Telerobotic missions
  Telerobotic probes
  Spacecraft
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Free Form 01

  The four biggest risks of AI often cited by experts include:

  - Unintended Consequences: AI systems may produce unexpected outcomes or behaviors that were not foreseen by their designers, leading to potential harm or disruption.
  - Bias and Discrimination: AI algorithms can inherit and even exacerbate biases present in the data used to train them, resulting in unfair treatment or discrimination against certain individuals or groups.
  - Job Displacement: Automation driven by AI technologies has the potential to disrupt labor markets, leading to job displacement and economic inequality as certain tasks become automated, impacting various industries and professions.
  - Autonomous Weapons: The development of autonomous weapons systems powered by AI raises concerns about the potential for these systems to act independently and make lethal decisions without human oversight, leading to ethical and security risks in warfare and conflict situations.
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Free Form 02

  As of my last update in January 2022, here are three of the most recent NASA missions:

  - Perseverance Rover (Mars 2020 Mission): Launched in July 2020, Perseverance Rover landed on Mars in February 2021. Its primary goal is to search for signs of past microbial life and collect samples of Martian rocks and regolith for future return to Earth.
  - James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Although not launched as of January 2022, JWST is one of NASA's most highly anticipated missions. It is set to be the premier observatory of the next decade, serving as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. JWST will observe the universe in infrared wavelengths, enabling it to study the earliest galaxies, stars, and planetary systems.
  - Artemis Program: While not a single mission, the Artemis program represents NASA's initiative to return humans to the Moon, including the first woman and the next man, by the mid-2020s. This program aims to establish sustainable lunar exploration and eventually enable crewed missions to Mars.
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Dialog 02

  Sure! Could you provide me with some information about your friend's interests, preferences, or any specific genres they enjoy? That way, I can tailor the recommendation to their tastes.

  If your friend enjoys science fiction books from the Warhammer 40,000 universe, they might appreciate the "Eisenhorn" series by Dan Abnett. This series is set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe and follows the adventures of Inquisitor Gregor Eisenhorn as he battles heresy and corruption across the Imperium of Man. It's a gripping blend of mystery, action, and intrigue set in the grimdark future of the 41st millennium. The series is highly acclaimed among Warhammer 40,000 fans and offers a deep dive into the complexities of the universe.
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Summary

Testing ChatGPT at the very end of this investigation gave me a very surprising impression: Language style and fact fullness are hard to discern from the answers provided with the 7B Stablelm2 and LLaMA 2 models. Knowing that several synthetic dialogue fine-tuning datasets are based on ChatGPTs answers and used for open models, I can see the language style reflected in these models. Other than that: Convincing language and correct facts in all answers.

Claude 3 Haiku

NLP Task 01

  Persons: -||Yuri Gagarin, Alan Shepard-||
  Places: -||USSR/Russia, USA, China-||
  Named Objects: -||Vostok 1, Freedom 7, Mercury-||
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NLP Task 02

  The text discusses the advantages of using telerobotic space missions over crewed missions. It states that telerobotic missions are generally more cost-effective and have lower risk factors. Additionally, some planetary destinations are too hostile for human survival, and outer planets are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, making telerobotic probes the only viable option for exploring them. Telerobotics also allows for the exploration of regions vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms, as spacecraft can be sterilized, unlike humans. The text also mentions that multiple space probes have been sent to study the Moon, planets, the Sun, and various small Solar System bodies such as comets and asteroids.
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Dialog 01

  Persons: -||None-||
  Places: -||Moon, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune-||
  Named Objects: -||Solar System, Earth-||
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Free Form 01

  Here are four of the biggest potential risks associated with the development of advanced artificial intelligence (AI):

  - Existential risk: If AI systems become superintelligent and are not properly aligned with human values and goals, they could pose an existential threat to humanity. This is sometimes referred to as the "AI alignment problem."
  - Autonomous weapons and warfare: Highly capable AI systems could be used to develop autonomous weapons that can select and engage targets without meaningful human control. This raises ethical concerns and risks of escalating conflicts.
  - Displacement of human jobs and economic disruption: As AI becomes more capable at performing tasks traditionally done by humans, it could lead to widespread job displacement and economic upheaval, with significant social consequences.
  - Algorithmic bias and lack of transparency: AI systems can perpetuate and amplify human biases if they are not carefully designed. The inner workings of complex AI models can also be opaque, making it difficult to understand and audit their decision-making.

  These are some of the key risks that need to be carefully considered and mitigated as AI technology continues to advance. Responsible development and governance of AI is crucial to ensure it benefits humanity.
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Free Form 02

  The three most recent NASA missions are:

  - Artemis I (2022) - This was an uncrewed test flight of the Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft, paving the way for future Artemis missions that will return humans to the Moon.
  - James Webb Space Telescope (2021) - This revolutionary space observatory was launched and began observing the universe in unprecedented detail, providing insights into the early formation of galaxies.
  - Perseverance Rover (2020) - The Perseverance rover landed on Mars with the goal of searching for signs of ancient microbial life, characterizing Mars' climate and geology, and collecting rock and soil samples for future return to Earth.

  These three missions represent some of NASA's latest and most ambitious endeavors in space exploration, advancing our scientific understanding of the Moon, Mars, and the broader universe.
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Dialog 02

  Okay, to provide a good book recommendation for your friend, I'll need a bit more information. Can you tell me:

  - What genre of books does your friend typically enjoy? (e.g. fiction, non-fiction, mystery, sci-fi, etc.)
  - Does your friend have any particular interests or topics they're passionate about? (e.g. history, technology, personal development, etc.)
  - Roughly how much time do they have available to read? (e.g. are they looking for a quick, easy read or something more in-depth?)
  - Any other details about your friend's reading preferences or what kind of book they might appreciate?

  The more context I have about your friend's tastes and reading habits, the better I can suggest a book they're likely to enjoy. Please provide any relevant details, and I'll do my best to recommend a great book for them.

  Okay, got it! Since your friend enjoys science fiction books from the Warhammer 40K universe, here's a great book recommendation for them: "The Eisenhorn Trilogy" by Dan Abnett This is a classic Warhammer 40K series that follows the adventures of Inquisitor Gregor Eisenhorn as he battles heresy and corruption across the Imperium of Man. The trilogy includes:

  - Xenos
  - Malleus
  - Hereticus

  The Eisenhorn Trilogy is considered one of the best introductions to the rich and complex Warhammer 40K setting. It has engaging characters, a gripping plot, and a deep dive into the dark, gothic sci-fi world of the Imperium. Dan Abnett is a veteran Warhammer 40K author, so the writing and worldbuilding are top-notch for fans of the franchise. The trilogy also works well as a standalone story, so it's a great entry point for new readers. If your friend is a Warhammer 40K fan looking for an immersive, page-turning science fiction series, I highly recommend the Eisenhorn Trilogy. Let me know if you need any other Warhammer-related book suggestions!
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Summary

The Claude model delivers engaging and correct answers. It captured the question context correctly, and also asked for clarification and details about book recommendations before answering. The overall answer style is also convincing.

CoPilot

NLP Task 01

  Persons: Yuri Gagarin, Alan Shepard Places: USSR/Russia, USA Named Objects: Vostok 1, Freedom 7, Mercury spacecraft
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NLP Task 02

  Certainly! Here’s a summary of the text:

  Many space missions favor telerobotic operations over crewed ones due to cost-effectiveness and reduced risk. Hostile planetary environments like Venus and Jupiter’s vicinity are unsuitable for human survival. For distant outer planets (Saturn, Uranus, Neptune), telerobotic probes are essential. Telerobotics also enable exploration of areas vulnerable to Earth micro-organism contamination, as spacecraft can be sterilized. Unlike spaceships, humans cannot be fully sterilized due to coexisting with micro-organisms. Space probes have been deployed to study the Moon, planets, the Sun, and small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids).
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Dialog 01

  Certainly! Here’s the identification of persons, places, and named objects in the previous response:

  - Persons:
  - Yuri Gagarin
  - Alan Shepard

  - Places:
  - USSR/Russia
  - USA

  - Named Objects:
  - Vostok 1
  - Freedom 7
  - Mercury spacecraft
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Free Form 01

  Certainly! Here are four significant risks associated with artificial intelligence (AI):

  - Automation-spurred job loss: As AI systems automate tasks, there’s a concern that certain jobs may become obsolete, leading to unemployment for some workers
  - Deepfakes: AI-generated deepfake videos can manipulate and fabricate content, potentially causing misinformation, identity theft, or reputational harm
  - Privacy violations: AI systems can inadvertently compromise user privacy by mishandling personal data or enabling surveillance
  - Algorithmic bias caused by bad data: If AI algorithms are trained on biased or incomplete data, they may perpetuate discriminatory outcomes

  It’s essential to address these risks while harnessing the potential benefits of AI in a responsible manner.
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Free Form 02

  Certainly! Here are three recent NASA missions:

  - James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): The JWST is NASA’s next orbiting observatory and the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. It’s a tennis court-sized telescope that orbits far beyond Earth’s moon. The JWST will detect infrared radiation and be capable of seeing in that wavelength, similar to how Hubble sees in visible light

  - Perseverance Rover: The Perseverance Rover successfully landed on Mars and has been exploring the Martian surface. It recently completed the Mars Sample Depot mission, depositing its first sample on the Mars surface. Perseverance aims to study the geology, climate, and potential habitability of Mars

  - MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution): MAVEN studies the upper atmosphere of Mars and its interaction with the Sun and solar winds. It provides valuable insights into the Red Planet’s history and climate evolution

  These missions represent NASA’s ongoing efforts to explore and understand our solar system and beyond! 🚀🌟
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Dialog 02

  Certainly! Recommending books to friends can be a delightful experience. Here are a few strategies you can consider:

  - Gift or Loan the Book: If you’re confident your friend will enjoy a particular book, consider gifting it to them or lending your own copy. Physical books on their shelves serve as a visual reminder, and digital versions in their libraries keep the book top of mind1.

  - Start a Book Club: Propose starting a book club centered around the recommended book. Invite your friend and perhaps a few others to join. Book clubs foster community, encourage reading, and provide an opportunity for lively discussions—even over Zoom

  - Write a Personal Letter: Take the time to handwrite a heartfelt letter explaining why you think the book is perfect for your friend. Expressing your thoughts in a personal note adds a special touch and emphasizes the book’s significance1.

  - Plan a Movie Date: If the book has a movie adaptation (or will have one), plan a movie date with your friend. Set a flexible deadline for reading the book before watching the film. This way, you can discuss both the book and the movie together1.

  Remember, the key is to share your enthusiasm and genuine belief that your friend will love the book. Happy recommending! 📚🌟

  Certainly! If your friend enjoys science fiction set in the grimdark universe of Warhammer 40,000, there are several fantastic novels to choose from. Here are some highly recommended ones:

  - Eisenhorn Series by Dan Abnett: This series follows the career of Gregor Eisenhorn, an Imperial Inquisitor of the Ordo Xenos. Eisenhorn investigates and combats alien threats within the Imperium of Man. The books are filled with intrigue, adventure, and memorable characters. Start with the Eisenhorn Omnibus, which includes the first three books: Xenos, Malleus, and Hereticus1.

  - Gaunt’s Ghosts Series by Dan Abnett: In contrast to the powerful Inquisitors, this series focuses on the ordinary soldiers of the Astra Militarum (Imperial Guard). Led by Colonel Commissar Ibram Gaunt, the Tanith First regiment faces impossible odds and certain death as they fight for the Emperor. Abnett’s writing captures the gritty realism of war in the 41st millennium1.

  - Ciaphas Cain Series by Sandy Mitchell: If your friend enjoys a mix of action and humor, the Ciaphas Cain series is perfect. Commissar Ciaphas Cain is a reluctant hero who stumbles into dangerous situations while trying to survive. The books are witty, fast-paced, and provide a fresh perspective on the grimdark setting.

  - The Night Lords Trilogy by Aaron Dembski-Bowden: For fans of Chaos Space Marines, this trilogy delves into the twisted minds of the Night Lords Legion. Dark, atmospheric, and filled with complex characters, it explores the chaos-infested corners of the galaxy

  - The First Heretic by Aaron Dembski-Bowden: This novel is part of the Horus Heresy series but stands well on its own. It delves into the origins of the traitorous Word Bearers Legion and their fall to Chaos. A gripping tale of loyalty, betrayal, and cosmic conflict

  Remember, Warhammer 40,000 novels offer a rich tapestry of stories, so your friend can explore different aspects of this vast universe. Happy reading! 📚🚀
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Summary

CoPilots language is accurate and delivers grounded facts. The answer about book recommendations was surprising, and when detailed with the full context, it provided engaging answers. The only negative point is its insisting on stating "Certainly!" in every answer.

DBRX Instruct (6x16B)

NLP Task 01

  Persons:
  -||- Yuri Gagarin
  -||- Soviet cosmonaut
  -||- American astronaut
  -||- Alan Shepard
  -||- USSR/Russia
  -||- USA
  -||- China

  Places:
  -||- Earth

  Named Objects:
  -||- Vostok 1
  -||- Freedom 7
  -||- Vostok spacecraft
  -||- Mercury spacecraft
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NLP Task 02

  Many space missions, especially those to hostile environments like Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, or vulnerable regions requiring sterilization, are more suited to telerobotic operation due to lower cost, lower risk, and the ability to explore without human survival limitations. Telerobotics has been used to study various celestial bodies, including the Moon, planets, the Sun, and small Solar System bodies like comets and asteroids.
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Dialog 01

  Persons: None

  Places:
  -||- Venus
  -||- Jupiter
  -||- Saturn
  -||- Uranus
  -||- Neptune
  -||- Moon
  -||- Small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids)

  Named Objects: None
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Free Form 01

  - Lack of transparency and interpretability: AI models, especially complex ones like deep neural networks, can be seen as "black boxes" that lack transparency, making it difficult to understand how they make decisions.
  - Unintended harmful consequences: AI systems can sometimes lead to unintended consequences, such as reinforcing existing biases or causing harm to individuals or groups.
  - Autonomous weapons: The development of autonomous weapons that can operate without human intervention raises ethical and security concerns.
  - Dependence on AI: Over-reliance on AI systems can lead to a loss of human skills and autonomy, making people and organizations vulnerable to system failures or cyber attacks.
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Free Form 02

  - Perseverance Rover (Mars 2020): Launched in July 2020, the Perseverance Rover is NASA's latest mission to Mars, aiming to search for signs of ancient life and collect samples for future return to Earth.
  - SpaceX Crew-1 (November 2020): This is the first operational crewed mission to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of NASA's Commercial Crew Program, launched in November 2020.
  - Lucy Mission (October 2021): The Lucy Mission, launched in October 2021, is a NASA space probe that will study the Trojan asteroids of Jupiter, which are believed to be remnants from the early days of the Solar System.
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Dialog 02

  Sure, I'd be happy to help! Based on the information available up to December 2023, here's a book recommendation for your friend:

  Title: "Project Hail Mary"
  Author: Andy Weir
  Genre: Science Fiction

  "Project Hail Mary" is a thrilling and engaging science fiction novel by Andy Weir, the bestselling author of "The Martian." The story follows a lone astronaut trying to save Earth from a catastrophic threat, with plenty of science, humor, and suspense along the way. It's a great choice for anyone who enjoys space exploration, problem-solving, and a well-written narrative. Please note that this recommendation is based on the information available up to December 2023, and there might be other great books released after that date.

  Sure, I'd be happy to help! Based on the information available up to December 2023, here's a book recommendation for your friend from the Warhammer 40,000 universe:

  Title: "The Infinite and the Divine"
  Author: Robert Rath
  Genre: Science Fiction (Warhammer 40,000)

  "The Infinite and the Divine" is a novel set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe, written by Robert Rath. This book focuses on the eternal rivalry between the Necrons, powerful and ancient beings who seek to reclaim the galaxy from the younger races. The story follows the characters Trazyn the Infinite and Orikan the Diviner, who engage in a complex game of intrigue and manipulation spanning millennia. It's a great choice for anyone who enjoys the Warhammer 40,000 universe, space opera, and well-developed characters. Please note that this recommendation is based on the information available up to December 2023, and there might be other great books released after that date.
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Summary

While the language of the model is accurate, I was puzzled about the placements of USA and China as persons in the very first questions. But then, the language style in the summary was convincing, and its book recommendation very sophisticated: I actually stumbled over this book a year ago, and also thought this as one of the very best written and entertaining books in several years.

Gemini

NLP Task 01

Persons- Places Named Objects
Yuri Gagarin Earth Vostok 1-
Alan Shepard - Freedom 7-
- - Mercury-

NLP Task 02

  Telerobotic missions are preferable for space exploration due to several reasons:

  - Cost and safety: They are cheaper and less risky than sending humans.
  - Hostile environments: Places like Venus or Jupiter are too dangerous for humans to survive.
  - Distance: Current technology can't send humans to outer planets.
  - Contamination control: Spacecraft can be sterilized to avoid contaminating planets with Earth microbes, something impossible with humans.
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Dialog 01

Persons Places Named Objects
Moon Solar System
Planets comets
asteroids
Sun

Free Form 01

  Here are 4 of the biggest risks of AI:

  - Job displacement: AI automation is capable of replacing many jobs, especially repetitive tasks. This can lead to unemployment, income inequality, and social unrest.
  - Bias: AI algorithms can inherit and amplify biases present in the data they are trained on. This can lead to unfair or discriminatory outcomes, such as biased hiring practices or loan approvals.
  - Privacy violations: AI systems often rely on vast amounts of personal data to function. This raises concerns about data security and privacy, as well as the potential for misuse of personal information.
  - Weaponization: Autonomous weapons systems powered by AI raise serious ethical and safety concerns. The possibility of these weapons falling into the wrong hands or making unintended decisions is a significant risk.
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Free Form 02

  Identifying the absolute 3 most recent missions based on launch date from text alone is difficult. However, I can refer to resources like NASA's website to point you in the right direction. Here's what we can do:

  - According to NASA's website on current missions <https://www.nasa.gov/missions/>, there's no list with launch dates.
  - We can look at recent news on NASA's website <https://www.nasa.gov/news/all-news/>. This might not be definitive, but it can give us a good idea.

  Here are some recent missions mentioned on the NASA website (as of today, April 15, 2024):

  - Artemis I: This uncrewed mission successfully flew around the Moon in late 2023 <https://www.nasa.gov/missions/>.
  - OSIRIS-REx: This mission returned samples from an asteroid to Earth in September 2023 <https://science.nasa.gov/>.
  - Parker Solar Probe: News articles about the Parker Solar Probe are dated April 2024, suggesting it's an ongoing mission.

  While there might be even more recent missions, this list provides a good starting point for your research. You can explore further by searching for these missions on the NASA website or using other reliable sources.
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Dialog 02

  Absolutely! To give you the best recommendation, I need a little more information about your friend's reading preferences. Here are some questions to consider:

  - What genres does your friend enjoy? (Sci-fi, fantasy, mystery, romance, historical fiction, etc.)
  - What are some of their favorite books or authors?
  - Are they looking for something light and easy to read, or something more challenging?
  - Does your friend prefer physical books, ebooks, or audiobooks?

  Once you have a better idea of your friend's preferences, you can narrow down your options and choose a book that you think they'll love.

  In the meantime, here are a few general recommendations that are crowd-pleasers:

  - Project Hail Mary by Andy Weir (Sci-fi): This is a fast-paced and suspenseful novel about an amnesiac astronaut who wakes up on a spaceship headed for a distant star system. He has no idea who he is or how he got there, and he has to piece together the clues to figure out his mission and save humanity.

  - Circe by Madeline Miller (Mythology): This is a beautifully written retelling of the Greek myth of Circe, the sorceress daughter of the sun god Helios. The novel explores themes of family, power, and identity.

  - The Thursday Murder Club by Richard Osman (Mystery): This is a charming and cozy mystery novel about a group of elderly friends who meet every Thursday to discuss unsolved murders. When a real murder happens in their retirement village, they decide to take it upon themselves to solve it.

  I hope this helps!

  /**First Answer was in chinese!**/

  既然你的朋友喜欢 Warhammer 40K 的科幻书籍，那就肯定要在那里推荐书了！ 华锤40K 系列庞大而复杂，但入门级小说还是有的. 以下是一些不错的选择：

  Your friend is into Warhammer 40K sci-fi, that's awesome! Here are some great book recommendations to dive deeper into the Warhammer 40K universe:

  - Horus Rising by Dan Abnett: This highly-rated novel is considered a fantastic entry point into the Horus Heresy series. It follows the story of Warmaster Horus and his deteriorating relationship with the Emperor of Mankind.

  - Eisenhorn by Dan Abnett (series): This trilogy centers around Inquisitor Gregor Eisenhorn, who investigates heresy and corruption within the Imperium. The series is praised for its detective-like atmosphere and well-developed characters.

  - Gaunt's Ghosts by Dan Abnett (series): This series follows the Tanith First and Only Regiment of the Imperial Guard, nicknamed "Gaunt's Ghosts." It's a regular infantry regiment fighting for survival in a hostile galaxy. The series is known for its realistic portrayal of war's brutality and the resilience of soldiers.

  The Warhammer 40K universe has a vast selection of novels to explore. These are just a few recommendations to get your friend started. If they enjoy a particular series, they can delve into many related spin-off novels within that universe.
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Summary

The Gemini model provided original answers and sophisticated language. From all models tested, in the text summary tasks it invented the concept of "Contamination control", which is a very accurate problem in space travel. As a bonus for a commercial model, it has also full access to the internet, and reflects how and what it searches to provide answers.

Perplexity Ai

Note: According to this blog post, Perplexity uses a mix of GPT-3 and GPT-4 for generating answers.

NLP Task 01

  Persons: -||Yuri Gagarin, Alan Shepard-||
  Places: -||USSR/Russia, USA, China-||
  Named Objects: -||Vostok 1, Freedom 7, Mercury spacecraft-||
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NLP Task 02

  The text discusses the advantages of using telerobotic space missions over crewed missions in certain scenarios:

  - Telerobotic missions are generally lower cost and lower risk compared to crewed missions.
  - Some planetary destinations like Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, making telerobotic probes the only viable option.
  - Outer planets like Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant for current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are required to explore them.
  - Telerobotic probes allow exploration of regions vulnerable to contamination by Earth microorganisms, as the probes can be sterilized, unlike humans who coexist with many microbes that are hard to contain.
  - Multiple space probes have been sent to study the Moon, planets, the Sun, and various small Solar System bodies like comets and asteroids using telerobotic technology.

  In summary, telerobotic space missions offer significant advantages over crewed missions in terms of cost, risk, and the ability to explore hostile or distant environments that are unsuitable for human presence.
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Dialog 01

  Persons: -||Google-||
  Places: -||Europe, United States-||
  Named Objects: -||$5.1 billion, mobile phone market, Wednesday-||
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Free Form 01

  According to the search results, the 4 biggest risks of AI are:

  - Lack of transparency in AI systems, particularly in complex deep learning models, which can obscure the decision-making processes and underlying logic of these technologies.
  - Bias and discrimination in AI systems due to biased training data or algorithmic design, which can perpetuate or amplify societal biases.
  - Privacy concerns related to the collection and analysis of large amounts of personal data by AI technologies, raising issues around data privacy and security.
  - Ethical challenges in instilling moral and ethical values in AI systems, especially in high-stakes decision-making contexts.
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Free Form 02

  Based on the search results, the 3 most recent NASA missions are:

  - Near-Earth Asteroid Scout, launched November 2022
  - Psyche, launched October 2023
  - Dragonfly, launching 2027
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Dialog 02

  Based on the search results, here are some book recommendations to consider gifting to your friend:

  - The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho1 - A classic novel about following your dreams and passion, written in simple and easy-to-understand language.
  - A Man Called Ove by Fredrik Backman1 - A heartwarming character study about a grumpy old man whose life is gradually changed by love and friendship.
  - Think Like a Monk by Jay Shetty1 - A self-help book that provides guidance on overcoming negative thoughts, anxiety, and relationship challenges.
  - To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1 - A timeless novel that explores themes of racial injustice and the influence of a father on his child.
  - Before We Were Yours by Lisa Wingate2, The Nightingale by Kristin Hannah2, or The Tattooist of Auschwitz by Heather Morris2 - Highly recommended historical fiction novels.
  - Check the "Recommended by a Friend" shelf on Goodreads4 for popular books that have been suggested by others, such as The Hunger Games, The Fault in Our Stars, and Where the Crawdads Sing.

  I hope these book recommendations give you some ideas to consider for your friend's gift. Let me know if you need any other suggestions!

  Based on the search results provided, here are some science fiction book recommendations that would appeal to someone who enjoys the Warhammer 40K universe:

  - Dune by Frank Herbert - This classic sci-fi novel is cited as a major influence on the Warhammer 40K setting, particularly the Imperium of Man.
  - The Forever War by Joe Haldeman - A highly acclaimed military sci-fi novel that explores themes of isolation and the disconnect between soldiers and the society they fight for, similar to aspects of Warhammer 40K.
  - The Gunslinger (The Dark Tower #1) by Stephen King - While not strictly sci-fi, this fantasy/horror series is praised for its dark, gritty tone that may appeal to Warhammer 40K fans.
  - Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein - A classic military sci-fi novel featuring power-armored soldiers fighting an alien enemy, which shares thematic elements with Warhammer 40K.
  - The Three-Body Problem by Liu Cixin - An award-winning hard sci-fi novel that explores cosmic horror and humanity's place in the universe, which could resonate with Warhammer 40K fans.
  - Children of Time by Adrian Tchaikovsky and Shards of Earth by the same author - These epic space opera novels feature complex worldbuilding and themes that may appeal to Warhammer 40K readers.

  I hope these recommendations give your friend some ideas for science fiction books to explore outside of the Warhammer 40K universe but still capture the sense of scale, darkness, and military sci-fi that they enjoy. Let me know if you need any other suggestions.
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Summary

Perplexity has access to Internet search tools just like Gemini, and in the UI, all used sources are linked and can be browsed easily. The language is more unique than that of Chat GPT and contextualized for a given task.

Pi AI

NLP Task 01

  Persons:

  - Yuri Gagarin
  - Alan Shepard

  Places:

  - USSR/Russia
  - USA
  - China

  Named Objects:

  - Vostok 1
  - Freedom 7
  - Mercury spacecraft
  - Earth

  The text mentions two persons: Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut, and Alan Shepard, an American astronaut.

  Three places are mentioned: USSR/Russia, USA, and China, which are the only three nations that have flown crewed spacecraft as of 2016.

  Three named objects are mentioned: Vostok 1, the first crewed spacecraft; Freedom 7, the second crewed spacecraft; and Mercury spacecraft, which was used for five other crewed missions.

  Note that Earth is mentioned as a celestial object which may not fit neatly into any of the given categories.
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NLP Task 02

  The text discusses the advantages of using telerobotics over crewed space missions for several reasons:

  - Cost and Risk: Telerobotic missions are generally cheaper and less risky compared to crewed missions, making them a more feasible option for space exploration.
  - Hostile Environments: Some planets like Venus and Jupiter have environments too hostile for human survival. In such cases, telerobotics is the only viable option for exploration.
  - Distance Constraints: Outer planets like Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are currently too distant to reach with crewed spaceflight technology, thus requiring the use of telerobotic probes.
  - Sterilization and Contamination Control: Telerobotics also allows for exploration of regions vulnerable to contamination by Earth microorganisms, as spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans cannot be sterilized in the same way and carry numerous microorganisms, making contamination control challenging within spaceships or spacesuits.

  Telerobotic space probes have been utilized for studying the Moon, the planets, the Sun, and various small Solar System bodies such as comets and asteroids.
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Dialog 01

  Persons: None

  Places:

  - Venus
  - Jupiter
  - Saturn
  - Uranus
  - Neptune

  Named Objects:

  - Telerobotics
  - Outer planets
  - Solar System bodies

  The answer mentions five planets: Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
  Telerobotics is mentioned as a technology used for space exploration, while outer planets and solar system bodies are mentioned as objects of study. No persons are mentioned in the answer provided.
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Free Form 01

  The four major risks associated with AI are:

  - Job Displacement: The automation of jobs through AI has the potential to displace human workers, leading to unemployment and economic disruption.
  - Bias and Discrimination: AI systems can perpetuate and even amplify existing biases if they are trained on biased data, leading to discrimination against certain groups of people.
  - Security Risks: AI systems can be vulnerable to cyberattacks and hacking, which could lead to the theft of sensitive data or even the manipulation of AI systems for malicious purposes.
  - Loss of Human Control: As AI systems become more advanced and autonomous, there is a risk that they could make decisions that are not aligned with human values, leading to unintended consequences or even harm to individuals or society.
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Free Form 02

  It appears that NASA has numerous ongoing missions and upcoming projects, which makes it challenging to identify the three most recent ones definitively. Some of their current and upcoming missions include the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), Earth System Science Pathfinder Program, Earth Venture Class, Earth Venture, Artemis missions, International Space Station, and the James Webb Space Telescope, among others.
  Could you provide more context or specify a particular area of interest, so that I can provide a more accurate answer?
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Dialog 02

  Great! To provide a suitable recommendation, it would be helpful if you could share some information about your friend’s interests or preferred genres. Do they enjoy fiction or non-fiction? Fantasy, science fiction, mystery, or historical fiction? Or perhaps they have a particular topic or theme that they're interested in?

  Wonderful! If your friend enjoys science fiction books from the Warhammer 40K universe, here are a few recommendations he might like:

  - "Eisenhorn" by Dan Abnett: This is a popular Warhammer 40K novel that follows Inquisitor Gregor Eisenhorn as he investigates and battles against heresy and chaos in the Imperium.
  - "Gaunt’s Ghosts" series by Dan Abnett: This series of military science fiction novels follows the Tanith First and Only regiment of the Imperial Guard and their battles against the forces of Chaos.
  - "Ciaphas Cain" series by Sandy Mitchell: This series of novels follows the adventures of Commissar Ciaphas Cain, a hero of the Imperium who often finds himself in dangerous situations and comes out on top through a combination of luck, skill, and cowardice.
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Summary

This model provides great contextualized reflection and explanation of its answers. When asked for NASA missions, it provided an interesting observation. It also returns questions to clarify what the user wants.

Best Commercial Model

Commercial models stand out from any other used open-source model for several reasons. First, they can scale to any complexity level, which is often not even stated by the operating companies (e.g. GPT4 is assumed to be 16x11B). Second, the have a unique AI tailored to use cases like dialogue or search assistant with showing results. Considering the language, it’s interesting that open-source models based on synthetic training data reflect the language off their origin, e.g. shown in the Vicuna model. Yet for the used tasks, I could not see much leaps between 13B+ and the commercial models.

My recommendation in this category are Pi and Perplexity: Convincing and reflective language with correct answers and access to internet search.

Summary

This article empirically tested 14 open-source and 7 commercial LLMs. Each LLM was presented with 7 different questions to test named entity recognition, summarization, knowledge and dialogue. Sliced into 4 sections of 3B, 7B, 13B+ and commercial models, each section gave a recommendation. Overall, for open-source model, my personal favorites are Stablelm2 2B, Starling LM 7B, LLaMA 2 7B and Vicuna 13Bmodels: They give accurate answers, reflect their context, and show linguistic skills. For commercial models, I recommend Pi and Perplexity.

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