Ahmed Raza Idrisi

Posted on Sep 15

php bottlenecks and performance

#laravel #webdev #programming #php

PHP Performance Bottlenecks + Concepts

🔹 Common PHP Performance Bottlenecks

Loops

Heavy nested loops (for inside foreach) slow execution.

Example:

 for ($i = 0; $i < 100000; $i++) {
     // expensive operation here
 }

✅ Solution: Minimize work inside loops, break early if possible, use built-in functions (array_map, array_filter) when efficient.

Excessive Database Queries (N+1 problem)

Example:

 $users = User::all();
 foreach ($users as $user) {
     echo $user->posts->count(); // runs query every time ❌
 }

✅ Solution: Use eager loading:

   $users = User::with('posts')->get();

I/O Bottlenecks

File read/write in large loops
Slow external API calls ✅ Solution: Caching (Redis, Memcached), batch I/O, async workers (queues).

🔹 Opcode Caches (Opcache)

PHP is an interpreted language. Normally:
- Every request = parse → compile → execute.
Opcache stores compiled bytecode in memory → saves compilation time.
✅ Enable in php.ini:

  opcache.enable=1
  opcache.memory_consumption=128
  opcache.max_accelerated_files=10000

Benefit: Faster response, less CPU load.

🔹 Password Hashing Best Practices

Never store plain text or MD5/SHA1 (too weak).
Use PHP’s built-in:

  $hash = password_hash("mypassword", PASSWORD_DEFAULT); // bcrypt/argon2
  if (password_verify("mypassword", $hash)) {
      echo "Password correct!";
  }

✅ password_hash automatically salts and uses strong algorithms.
✅ password_verify safely compares.

Hands-On Benchmarking

📌 Example: Compare for loop vs foreach for arrays.

<?php
$array = range(1, 1000000);

// Benchmark foreach
$start = microtime(true);
$sum = 0;
foreach ($array as $num) {
    $sum += $num;
}
echo "Foreach: " . (microtime(true) - $start) . " seconds\n";

// Benchmark for
$start = microtime(true);
$sum = 0;
for ($i = 0; $i < count($array); $i++) {
    $sum += $array[$i];
}
echo "For: " . (microtime(true) - $start) . " seconds\n";

👉 You’ll see that foreach is generally faster for arrays.
👉 for with count($array) inside loop is slow → store count in variable instead.

📌 Example: Password Hashing

<?php
$password = "supersecret";

// Hashing
$hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
echo "Hash: $hash\n";

// Verify
if (password_verify("supersecret", $hash)) {
    echo "Login success!\n";
} else {
    echo "Invalid password\n";
}

Interview Prep Review

Common PHP Interview Questions (from Week 1 topics)

What’s new in PHP 8?

JIT, Match expressions, Attributes, Nullsafe operator, Named arguments, Constructor property promotion.

Explain the difference between == and ===.

== compares values (type juggling).
=== compares value and type (strict).

How does password_hash differ from md5 or sha1?

password_hash is adaptive, salted, secure.
MD5/SHA1 are fast → vulnerable to brute force.

What is a PHP Trait?

Mechanism for code reuse, allows grouping methods to include in multiple classes without inheritance.

What are Generators (yield)?

Functions that return values one at a time without storing the whole dataset in memory → efficient for large data.

Explain SRP (Single Responsibility Principle).

A class should have only one reason to change. Helps with maintainability.

What’s the difference between git merge and git rebase?

Merge: keeps history with branches.
Rebase: rewrites history, keeps linear commit log.

✅ By the end of this:

You’ll spot bottlenecks in PHP.
You’ll benchmark performance with microtime(true).
You’ll be confident answering interview-style questions aloud.

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