Pipeline Design
A complete CI/CD pipeline includes: checkout → dependency install → compile → unit tests → code quality → security scan → build Docker image → push image → deploy to staging → integration tests → deploy to production.
Advanced Techniques
Matrix Strategy: Run tests across multiple Java versions and OS simultaneously. Caching: Cache Maven/Gradle dependencies and Docker layers to accelerate builds. Parallel Jobs: Run independent checks (lint, test, security scan) concurrently. Environment protection rules: Production deployment requires manual approval.
Secrets Management
Use GitHub Secrets for sensitive data. For complex scenarios, integrate HashiCorp Vault or AWS Secrets Manager. Never hardcode secrets in workflow files.
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