Overview
This hands-on lab introduces the fundamentals of GitHub Actions by implementing a basic workflow that demonstrates repository checkout and command execution. You'll learn how to create a workflow file, understand its structure, and execute various commands.
Prerequisites
- GitHub account
- A GitHub repository where you have write access
- Basic understanding of YAML syntax
Basic knowledge of command line operations
Learning Objectives
After completing this lab, you will be able to:Create a basic GitHub Actions workflow file
Understand workflow trigger conditions
Execute single and multi-line commands
Use the checkout action
View and interpret workflow results
Lab Structure
your-repository/
├── .github/
│ └── workflows/
│ └── basic-checkout.yml
└── README.md
Implementation Guide
Step 1: Create Workflow Directory
mkdir -p .github/workflows
Step 2: Create Workflow File
Create .github/workflows/basic-checkout.yml with the following content:
name: Basic Checkout Lab
# Trigger on push to main branch
on:
push:
branches:
- main
# Define jobs and their steps
jobs:
basic-checkout:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
# Step 1: Checkout the repository
- name: Checkout repository
uses: actions/checkout@v4
# Step 2: List repository contents
- name: List files
run: ls -la
# Step 3: Display system information
- name: Show system info
run: |
echo "Repository: $GITHUB_REPOSITORY"
echo "Operating System: $(uname -a)"
echo "Current Directory: $(pwd)"
# Step 4: Check software versions
- name: Check versions
run: |
echo "Node version: $(node --version)"
echo "Python version: $(python --version)"
echo "Git version: $(git --version)"
Detailed Explanation
Workflow Trigger
on:
push:
branches:
- main
This section configures the workflow to run whenever code is pushed to the main branch.
Job Configuration
jobs:
basic-checkout:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
Defines a single job named basic-checkout
Specifies Ubuntu as the runner operating system
Steps Breakdown
`Checkout Step
- name: Checkout repository
uses: actions/checkout@v4
Uses the official checkout action Clones your repository into the runner Essential for accessing repository files
File Listing - name: List files
run: ls -la
Lists all files and directories Includes hidden files Shows file permissions and ownership System Information
- name: Show system info run: | echo "Repository: $GITHUB_REPOSITORY" echo "Operating System: $(uname -a)" echo "Current Directory: $(pwd)"Uses multi-line commands Demonstrates environment variable usage Shows system details
Version Checks - name: Check versions run: | echo "Node version: $(node --version)" echo "Python version: $(python --version)" echo "Git version: $(git --version)"` Checks installed software versions Uses command substitution Demonstrates multi-line commands Expected Outputs
File Listing Output
total 24
drwxr-xr-x 4 runner docker 4096 Feb 20 10:00 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 runner docker 4096 Feb 20 10:00 ..
drwxr-xr-x 8 runner docker 4096 Feb 20 10:00 .git
drwxr-xr-x 3 runner docker 4096 Feb 20 10:00 .github
-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 654 Feb 20 10:00 README.md
System Information Output
Repository: username/repository-name
Operating System: Linux runner-ubuntu-latest 5.15.0-1047-azure
Current Directory: /home/runner/work/repository-name/repository-name
Version Information Output
Node version: v20.11.0
Python version: Python 3.10.12
Git version: git version 2.42.0
Practice Exercises
Add New Commands Modify the workflow to include:
- Current date and time
- Available disk space
- Memory usage Custom Environment Variables Add environment variables:
env:
CUSTOM_MESSAGE: "Hello from GitHub Actions!"
Conditional Execution Add a conditional step:
- name: Conditional step
if: github.event_name == 'push'
run: echo "This was triggered by a push event"
Troubleshooting
Common Issues and Solutions
Workflow Not Triggering
- Verify branch name matches trigger condition
- Check workflow file syntax
- Ensure Actions are enabled in repository settings
- Checkout Action Fails
Verify Git configuration
git config --global --list
Check permissions
ls -la .git
Command Execution Errors
Check command availability on runner
Verify syntax for multi-line commands
Ensure proper environment variable usage
Debugging Tips
Enable debug logging by setting secret ACTIONS_RUNNER_DEBUG to true
Check workflow run logs in GitHub Actions tab
Use echo statements to debug variables
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