Dependency Injection in Python

Dependency Injection (DI) is a way to structure code so that functions and classes receive the objects they need (dependencies) instead of creating them internally.
This keeps your code modular, testable, and easy to rewire.

A dependency is anything your code relies on: a logger, database client, repository, HTTP client, configuration, etc.

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Step 1 — Start with explicit dependencies (baseline)

Without DI, code often looks like this:

• A function creates A() inside itself.
• A service creates its own DB client.
• Every call creates new objects, making it hard to test and control lifetimes.

DI flips the direction: construction happens outside, usage happens inside.

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Step 2 — Inject into functions via a decorator (simple DI)

A very approachable Python DI technique is:

1. Store factories in a registry (dependencies).
2. Wrap a function with a decorator @inject().
3. At call time, inspect the function’s annotations.
4. Create required objects and pass them as keyword arguments.

inject_by_parameter_name.py (idea)
In the simplest version, the registry can be keyed by parameter name:

"a" -> factory returning A()

"b" -> factory returning B()

The decorator:

• reads annotations,
• for each parameter name, finds a factory,
• injects the created object into kwargs.

Pros

• Dead simple, great for learning.

Cons

• Renaming a parameter can break injection.
• String keys give weak tooling and refactor support.
• Not scalable for larger systems.

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Step 3 — Inject by type

More "Pythonic" way

Instead of using strings, use types as keys:

# di_registry_by_type_example.py

dependencies = {
    A: lambda: A(),
    B: create_b,  # or B (class itself)
}

Now injection is driven by type hints:

• If a function requests b: B, DI looks up factory for B.
• If a factory itself needs dependencies (e.g. create_b(a: A) -> B), DI can resolve those too.

This is where DI starts to feel powerful: you’re building a dependency graph.

Pros

• Refactor-friendly: parameter names don’t matter.
• IDE + type checker become useful.
• Natural fit with Python annotations.

Cons

• You quickly need recursion, cycle detection, caching (lifetimes), and clearer control.

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Step 4 — Mark “injectable” parameters explicitly

Sometimes you want to distinguish “regular parameters” from those that should be resolved by DI.

A common trick is to introduce a marker generic:

# inject.py

# Marker that means: "this parameter should be injected"
type Inject[T] = T

Then you can write:

# inject.py

@inject(deps)
def handler(a: Inject[A], b: Inject[B]) -> None:
    ...

At runtime you “unwrap” the marker type and extract the real type A / B from the annotation (using typing.get_args() or get_type_hints(include_extras=True) depending on the approach).

This improves readability and avoids accidental injection into values that should be provided by the caller.

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Step 5 — Resolve dependencies recursively

Build the object graph

The heart of DI resolution is:

1. You want B.
2. Find a provider/factory for B.
3. Inspect what the factory needs (constructor params or function args).
4. Resolve those first.
5. Call the factory with resolved arguments.
6. Return the built instance.

Factory can be a class or function

A DI system often supports both:

• factory = SomeClass (resolve its __init__ dependencies)
• factory = create_something (resolve its function parameters)

That makes DI flexible and allows:

• pure factory functions,
• classes as providers,
• easy composition.

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Step 6 — Add scopes (lifetimes):

transient, singleton, request, session, app

Once DI works, you’ll notice a real-world problem:

Should every resolve(A) create a new A, or reuse one?

That’s what scopes (lifetimes) solve.

Common scopes

• Transient: new instance every time you resolve.
• Singleton: one instance per container.
• Request: one instance per request context (web request, job, message).
• Session: one instance per session block (e.g., batch operation).
• App: one instance shared application-wide.

Why request scope often needs context-local storage

In concurrent environments (threads/async), “request scoped” objects must not leak between requests. A context-local mechanism (e.g., ContextVar) makes each request have its own cache.

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Step 7 — Add safety: circular dependency detection

As graphs grow, cycles happen:

• A needs B
• B needs A

A DI container should detect it early and produce a helpful error.
Typical technique: keep a stack (resolution path) and if the same type appears again, raise an error with the chain.

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Step 8 — Where to assemble everything: the Composition Root

A key DI concept: Composition Root is the place where you wire dependencies:

• register providers,
• choose scopes,
• configure settings,
• build the container.

The rest of your code should mostly request types, not manually construct them.

This gives you:

• clean separation between “object graph assembly” and “business logic”
• easy test overrides (swap provider with fake/mock)

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Step 9 — Testing with DI (the biggest win)

With DI, testing becomes straightforward:

• In production: register real implementations (DB, HTTP clients).
• In tests: register fakes/mocks for the same types.

Because consumers only depend on interfaces/types, you can swap implementations without touching the consumer code.

Production-style example (what it roughly looks like)

Below is a compact “production-ish” sketch showing how DI is typically used in a web service:

• One composition root creates and configures the container.
• A request scope is opened per incoming HTTP request.
• A handler function receives dependencies via Inject[...].
• A repository depends on a DB session, a service depends on a repo, etc.

# production_di_example.py
from __future__ import annotations

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Any, Callable

# Imagine these come from your DI library / container module
type Inject[T] = T

class Scope:
    APP = "app"
    SINGLETON = "singleton"
    TRANSIENT = "transient"
    REQUEST = "request"

class Container:
    def register(self, dep_type: type, factory: Callable[..., Any], scope: str) -> None: ...
    def resolve(self, dep_type: type) -> Any: ...
    def request(self): ...  # context manager
def inject(container: Container):
    def deco(fn):
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            # simplified: DI inspects annotations, resolves Inject[T]
            return fn(*args, **kwargs)
        return wrapper
    return deco

# ----- Domain / infrastructure -----

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Settings:
    db_dsn: str
    api_key: str

class DbEngine:
    def __init__(self, settings: Inject[Settings]) -> None:
        self.dsn = settings.db_dsn

class DbSession:
    """Request-scoped session/transaction handle."""
    def __init__(self, engine: Inject[DbEngine]) -> None:
        self.engine = engine

    def close(self) -> None:
        pass

class UserRepo:
    def __init__(self, session: Inject[DbSession]) -> None:
        self.session = session

    def get_user(self, user_id: int) -> dict[str, Any]:
        # query using self.session
        return {"id": user_id, "name": "Alice"}

class UserService:
    def __init__(self, repo: Inject[UserRepo]) -> None:
        self.repo = repo

    def get_profile(self, user_id: int) -> dict[str, Any]:
        user = self.repo.get_user(user_id)
        return {"user": user, "features": ["basic"]}

# ----- Web layer (handlers) -----

# In production, a framework (FastAPI/Starlette/etc.) calls this per request.
def create_app_container() -> Container:
    c = Container()

    # APP/SINGLETON: long-lived stuff
    c.register(Settings, lambda: Settings(db_dsn="postgres://...", api_key="secret"), scope=Scope.APP)
    c.register(DbEngine, DbEngine, scope=Scope.SINGLETON)

    # REQUEST: per-request objects
    c.register(DbSession, DbSession, scope=Scope.REQUEST)
    c.register(UserRepo, UserRepo, scope=Scope.REQUEST)
    c.register(UserService, UserService, scope=Scope.REQUEST)

    return c

container = create_app_container()

@inject(container)
def get_user_handler(user_id: int, service: Inject[UserService]) -> dict[str, Any]:
    # Handler does not create UserService/UserRepo/DbSession.
    return service.get_profile(user_id)

# ----- “Framework glue” (very simplified) -----

def handle_http_request(user_id: int) -> dict[str, Any]:
    # Each HTTP request gets its own request scope
    with container.request():
        result = get_user_handler(user_id)
        return result

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print(handle_http_request(123))
    print(handle_http_request(456))

What’s “production-like” here

• Composition root is create_app_container():
  • it decides wiring and lifetimes (scopes),
  • it’s the only place that knows which implementation is used.
• The handler stays clean: it receives UserService and focuses on business logic.
• The request scope ensures DbSession and related objects don’t leak between requests.

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Quick summary

DI in production usually means:

• assemble dependencies in one place (composition root),
• inject dependencies into services/handlers via type hints,
• control lifetimes with scopes (singleton vs request), make testing easy by swapping providers.