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MUSTAFA SERDAR SÖKMEN
MUSTAFA SERDAR SÖKMEN

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AI Is Not the Pilot: Where Artificial Intelligence Actually Fits in UAVs

Artificial Intelligence is everywhere in modern engineering discussions.
Especially in UAVs.

Vision-based navigation.
Object detection.
Autonomous decision-making.
Swarm intelligence.

But there is a dangerous misconception hiding underneath all this excitement:

AI does not fly a drone.
And it never should.

🧠 What Actually Keeps a UAV in the Air

A drone stays airborne because of:

State estimation

Control loops

Real-time deterministic systems

Flight controllers operate at:

Hundreds or thousands of Hertz

With strict timing guarantees

Under hard real-time constraints

AI models:

Are probabilistic

Have variable latency

Can fail silently

That alone disqualifies them from low-level flight control.

⚠️ Why AI Is a Terrible Pilot

Imagine a neural network responsible for:

Attitude stabilization

Motor mixing

Failsafe recovery

Now add:

Sensor noise

EMI

Voltage drops

Edge-case scenarios

A PID controller fails predictably.
An AI model fails creatively.

In aviation, creativity is a liability.

🤖 Where AI Actually Belongs

AI shines at high-level cognition, not reflexes.

Good use cases:

Target detection and classification

Terrain understanding

Path planning

Mission-level decision making

Anomaly detection

In other words:

AI decides what to do — not how to stay alive.

🧩 The Control–AI Boundary

A healthy UAV architecture looks like this:

Flight Controller:
Stability, control, safety (deterministic)

Autonomy Stack:
State machines, logic, rule-based systems

AI Modules:
Perception, prediction, assistance

AI suggests.
Autonomy decides.
Control executes.

Reverse this hierarchy, and you lose reliability.

🚀 The Future Is Hybrid, Not AI-Only

The most robust UAVs will not be:

Fully rule-based

Fully AI-driven

They will be hybrid systems:

Classical control for survival

AI for understanding the world

The smartest drones will still trust physics more than data.

💭 Final Thought

AI is not the pilot.
It’s the advisor.

And in aviation,
the advisor is never allowed to touch the controls.

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