To gain a deeper understanding and further enhance my knowledge and skills, I decided to revisit the basics with a more advanced perspective. This is a series of my learning journey and records, intended for my growth, but hopefully, some of you may learn along the way.
General Overview:
The Internet is an infrastructure that connects computers worldwide using physical cables, including optic fibers, under oceans and across land. These cables form the backbone of the Internet. To access this global network, we use smaller systems such as routers and Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Here's how it works on a micro level.
Key Concepts:
IP Address
Each device connected to the Internet has a unique identifier called an IP address (Internet Protocol address). It functions like a home address to help data know where to go.
There are two versions of IP addresses: IPv4 (four sets of numbers, e.g. 192.168.1.1) and IPv6 (designed to accommodate more devices).
Routers and ISPs
A router connects your home or office network to your ISP. ISPs manage the connection between your router and the Internet infrastructure, ensuring data can travel efficiently across multiple networks.
Sending Data
When sending data such as an email or a file, it's broken into smaller packets. These packets travel through a series of routers, ISPs, and sometimes cables under the sea before reaching their destination. Similarly, when you visit a website, your request is sent to a server. The server sends the requested data back to your computer in packets.
Server
A server is a specialized computer designed to provide services, store data, or run applications for other devices. It can host websites, manage databases, process requests, or perform other tasks that ensure smooth communication and functionality across networks. They are often housed in data centers.
DNS (Domain Name System)
Domain names like "google.com" are easier for humans to remember than IP addresses like "142.250.190.78." The Domain Name System translates domain names into IP addresses so computers can locate and communicate with each other.
More Devices and Terms:
Switch
A switch connects multiple devices within a local network like a house or an office, allowing them to communicate with each other. It ensures data is sent to the right device, such as from Computer 1 to Computer 4.
Switches are connected to routers for Internet access.
Router
A router is a device that directs data between different networks by determining the best path for data to travel. While home routers are familiar to many people, there are other types of routers used in larger and more complex networks.
LAN (Local Area Network)
It is a network that connects devices within a limited geographic area, such as a home, an office, or a school. Some advantages include high speed, enhanced security, and easy maintenance.
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
An ISP is a company that provides access to the Internet for individuals and businesses. Examples of ISPs include Comcast and AT&T in the US, and NTT and Softbank in Japan.
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
A VPN creates a secure, encrypted connection over the Internet. It ensures privacy and security by masking your IP address and encrypting your data, often used for accessing restricted networks or protecting sensitive information.
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi uses radio waves to transmit data wirelessly over short distances. It connects devices to a router, which connects to the Internet.
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