Linux is a family of open-source, Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, first released by Linus Torvalds in 1991.
Key Features of Linux:
Open Source:
The source code is freely available, allowing anyone to study, modify, and redistribute it. This promotes innovation and community contributions.
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Multiuser and Multitasking:**
Linux supports multiple users and can handle many tasks at the same time without slowing down.
Security and Stability:
Linux is known for being secure, with strong user permissions, robust security practices, and fewer vulnerabilities compared to other OSes.
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Flexibility and Customization:**
Users can customize everything from the graphical interface to kernel configurations, making Linux ideal for servers, desktops, and embedded devices.
Linux Distributions (Distros)
There are many Linux distributions tailored for different purposes. Some popular ones include:
Ubuntu – Beginner-friendly and widely used in desktops and servers.
Debian is known for stability and is great for servers.
CentOS/AlmaLinux/Rocky Linux – Enterprise-level server OSes.
Fedora – Cutting-edge technology for developers.
Arch Linux – Minimalistic and highly customizable for advanced users.
Kali Linux – Popular for penetration testing and cybersecurity tasks.
** File and Directory Commands**
Command Description
pwd Show current working directory
ls List files and folders in the current directory
ls -l List with detailed info (permissions, size, etc.)
cd Change directory
cd .. Move one directory up
mkdir Create a new folder
rmdir Remove an empty directory
touch Create an empty file
cp
mv
rm Remove a file
rm -r Remove a directory and its contents
- File Viewing and Editing Command Description cat View file contents more View file page by page less Like more, but with more navigation nano Simple text editor inside the terminal vim Advanced text editor head View the first 10 lines of a file tail View the last 10 lines of a file tail -f View live updates (useful for logs)
- System Information Commands Command Description uname -a Show system info df -h Show disk usage du -sh Show size of a directory free -h Show memory usage top Display running processes (real-time) htop Interactive process viewer (if installed) uptime Show how long the system has been running
- User and Permission Commands Command Description whoami Show current user id Display user and group IDs chmod Change file permissions chown : Change file ownership sudo Run command with root privileges
- Searching and Networking Command Description grep "" Search for text in a file find -name Find files by name ping Test connectivity curl Fetch content from a URL wget Download files from a URL
- Package Management (Example for Ubuntu/Debian) Command Description sudo apt update Update package list sudo apt upgrade Upgrade all packages sudo apt install Install a package sudo apt remove Remove a package
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