We can't remember all of the hundreds of commands available to command line users. The actual strength of the computer is its capacity to perform the job for us, and we leverage the power of the shell to automate tasks by writing shell scripts.
What are Shell Scripts?
In it's simplest form, a shell script is a file containing a series of commands that the shell reads and executes as if they were entered directly on the command line. The shell serves as both a powerful command line interface to the system and a scripting language interpreter. As we will see, most of what can be done on the command line can also be done in scripts.
We have covered some shell features, but we have focused on those most typically used directly on the command line. The shell also provides a collection of features that are usually (but not always) used when developing programs. Scripts unlock the potential of our Linux computer, so let's have fun!
Writing Our First Script and Getting It to Work
To create/write a shell script, follow these steps:
Create the script
Allow the shell to execute it
Place it somewhere accessible to the shell
Creating Your First Script
We use a text editor to develop shell scripts. A text editor is a program similar to a word processor that reads and writes ASCII text files. There are numerous text editors available for Linux systems, both command-line and GUI-based. These are a few common ones:
| Name | Description | Interface |
|---|---|---|
| vi, vim | Vi is notorious for its confusing user interface. On the plus side, vi is powerful, light, and speedy. Learning vi is considered a Unix rite of passage because it is widely available on Unix-like platforms. | CLI |
| Emacs | Emacs, created by Richard Stallman, is the true behemoth of text editors. It has (or can be made to have) every feature that has ever been imagined for a text editor. It's worth noting that supporters of both vi and Emacs are at odds about which is superior. | CLI |
| nano | Nano is a freeware clone of the text editor included with the Pine email application. Nano is simple to use, but has less features than vim and emacs. Nano is recommended for first-time users that require a command-line editor. | CLI |
| gedit | gedit is an editor that comes with the GNOME desktop interface. It is straightforward to use and has enough features to be a suitable beginner's editor. | Graphical |
| kwrite | kwrite, the "powerful editor" which comes with KDE, offers syntax highlighting, which is useful for programmers and scripts writers. | Graphical |
Writing a Bash script is like writing down a list of commands that you want the computer to execute. Here's how you can create your first script:
#!/bin/bash
# This is my First Script
echo "Hello, World!"
The first line of the script is essential. It is called a shebang it's a particular construct that tells the system which program will be used to understand the script.
Coming down we have a comment. Whatever follows a "#" symbol is ignored by bash. Comments are very vital as our scripts becomes bigger and complicated.
Save this in a file named hello.sh, make it executable using chmod +x hello.sh, and run it with ./hello.sh.
We should see "Hello, World!" displayed
Working with Variables
Working with variables in Bash is a vital skill that enables you to store and alter data within scripts. Variables serve as placeholders for values, such as strings or numbers, that can be utilized repeatedly throughout your script. Let's look at how you can interact with variables in Bash.
1. Defining Variables
In Bash, you define a variable by simply assigning it a value. There is no need to declare the type of the variable, as Bash is dynamically typed.
Syntax:
variable_name=value
-
No spaces: There should be no spaces between the variable name, the equal sign
=, and the value. -
Case sensitivity: Variable names are case-sensitive (
nameandNameare different variables).
Example:
#!/bin/bash
name="Frank"
age=30
2. Accessing Variables
To access the value stored in a variable, you prefix the variable name with a dollar sign $.
Syntax:
echo $variable_name
Example:
#!/bin/bash
name="Frank"
echo "Hello, $name!"
This script will output:
Hello, Frank!
3. Modifying Variables
You can change the value of a variable by assigning a new value to it.
Example:
#!/bin/bash
count=5
echo "Initial count: $count"
count=10
echo "Updated count: $count"
Output:
Initial count: 5
Updated count: 10
4. Using Variables in Strings
You can embed variables directly within strings using double quotes.
Example:
#!/bin/bash
tool="Git Bash"
echo "I am using $tool to write scripts."
This will output:
I am using Git Bash to write scripts.
5. Working with Numbers
Bash treats variables as strings by default, but you can perform arithmetic operations using the (( )) syntax.
Example:
#!/bin/bash
a=5
b=3
sum=$((a + b))
echo "The sum of $a and $b is $sum."
This will output:
The sum of 5 and 3 is 8.
6. Using Command Output as a Variable
You can assign the output of a command to a variable using backticks `command` or the $(command) syntax.
Example:
#!/bin/bash
current_directory=$(pwd)
echo "You are in $current_directory."
This will output something like:
You are in /home/frank/Desktop.
7. Environment Variables
Environment variables are special variables that are available system-wide and can be used by any process. Examples include PATH, HOME, and USER.
Example:
#!/bin/bash
echo "Your home directory is $HOME."
echo "Your username is $USER."
8. Exporting Variables
If you want a variable to be available to other scripts or programs started from your current script, you can export it.
Syntax:
export variable_name=value
Example:
#!/bin/bash
export my_var="Hello World"
9. Unsetting Variables
If you need to remove a variable or unset its value, you can use the unset command.
Example:
#!/bin/bash
name="Frank"
unset name
echo "Name is $name"
Since name has been unset, the output will be empty.
10. Special Variables
Bash also provides special variables that hold specific information, such as:
-
$0: The name of the script. -
$1,$2, etc.: Positional parameters (arguments passed to the script). -
$#: The number of positional parameters. -
$?: The exit status of the last command. -
$$: The process ID of the current shell.
Example:
#!/bin/bash
echo "The name of this script is $0"
echo "The first argument passed is $1"
Loops and Conditionals
Loops and conditionals are fundamental constructs in Bash scripting that allow you to control the flow of your script.
Numeric Comparison Operators:
-lt: Less than (a -lt b checks if a is less than b).
-le: Less than or equal to (a -le b checks if a is less than or equal to b).
-gt: Greater than (a -gt b checks if a is greater than b)
-ge: Greater than or equal to (a -ge b checks if a is greater than or equal to b).
-eq: Equal to (a -eq b checks if a is equal to b).
-ne: Not equal to (a -ne b checks if a is not equal to b).
Conditionals
Conditionals let you execute specific blocks of code based on certain conditions. The most common conditional statements in Bash are if, elif, else, and case.
if Statement
The if statement checks a condition and, if true, executes the corresponding block of code.
Syntax:
if [ condition ]; then
# Code to execute if the condition is true
fi
Example:
#!/bin/bash
number=10
if [ $number -gt 5 ]; then
echo "The number is greater than 5"
fi
This script will output:
The number is greater than 5
fi
fi is a keyword used to close an if statement in Bash. In Bash, an if block begins with if and must end with fi (which is simply if spelled backward).
if-else Statement
The if-else statement allows you to execute one block of code if the condition is true, and another block if it's false.
Syntax:
if [ condition ]; then
# Code to execute if the condition is true
else
# Code to execute if the condition is false
fi
Example:
#!/bin/bash
number=3
if [ $number -gt 5 ]; then
echo "The number is greater than 5"
else
echo "The number is 5 or less"
fi
This script will output:
The number is 5 or less
elif Statement
The elif statement stands for "else if" and lets you check multiple conditions.
Syntax:
if [ condition1 ]; then
# Code to execute if condition1 is true
elif [ condition2 ]; then
# Code to execute if condition2 is true
else
# Code to execute if none of the above conditions are true
fi
Example:
#!/bin/bash
number=5
if [ $number -gt 5 ]; then
echo "The number is greater than 5"
elif [ $number -eq 5 ]; then
echo "The number is exactly 5"
else
echo "The number is less than 5"
fi
This script will output:
The number is exactly 5
Loops
Loops allow you to execute a block of code repeatedly. The most common loops in Bash are for, while, and until.
for Loop
The for loop iterates over a list of items, executing the block of code for each item.
Syntax:
for item in list; do
# Code to execute for each item
done
Example:
#!/bin/bash
for i in 1 2 3 4 5; do
echo "Number: $i"
done
This script will output:
Number: 1
Number: 2
Number: 3
Number: 4
Number: 5
while Loop
The while loop executes a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.
Syntax:
while [ condition ]; do
# Code to execute as long as the condition is true
done
Example:
#!/bin/bash
count=1
while [ $count -le 5 ]; do
echo "Count: $count"
count=$((count + 1))
done
This script will output:
Count: 1
Count: 2
Count: 3
Count: 4
Count: 5
until Loop
The until loop is similar to the while loop, but it executes the block of code until a specified condition becomes true.
Syntax:
until [ condition ]; do
# Code to execute until the condition becomes true
done
Example:
#!/bin/bash
count=1
until [ $count -gt 5 ]; do
echo "Count: $count"
count=$((count + 1))
done
This script will output the same as the while loop above.
Conditionals (
if,else,elif) are used to execute code based on whether a condition is true or false.Loops (
for,while,until) are used to repeat a block of code multiple times.
You’ve made it to the end and gotten smarter by learning about Bash Shell Scripting. Now, try practicing what you’ve learned. Good luck!
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Top comments (2)
Maybe You can share better practices to the scripts on the next post, it will be great!
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