Common JavaScript Gotchas

1. Global Variables:
   • Problem: Forgetting to use var, let, or const can create global variables unintentionally.
   • Solution: Always declare variables with let or const.

   // Bad
   x = 10;

   // Good
   let x = 10;

1. Variable Hoisting:
   • Problem: Variables declared with var are hoisted to the top of their scope, which can lead to unexpected behavior.
   • Solution: Use let and const to avoid hoisting issues.

   console.log(x); // undefined
   var x = 5;

   // Use let or const
   console.log(y); // ReferenceError: y is not defined
   let y = 5;

1. Function Hoisting:
   • Problem: Function declarations are hoisted, but function expressions are not.

   // This works
   greet();
   function greet() {
       console.log('Hello');
   }

   // This does not work
   sayHi(); // TypeError: sayHi is not a function
   var sayHi = function() {
       console.log('Hi');
   };

1. this Keyword:
   • Problem: The value of this can change depending on the context in which a function is called.
   • Solution: Use arrow functions or .bind() to maintain the correct this context.

   function Person(name) {
       this.name = name;
       setTimeout(function() {
           console.log(this.name); // undefined
       }, 1000);
   }

   // Using arrow function
   function Person(name) {
       this.name = name;
       setTimeout(() => {
           console.log(this.name); // Correctly logs the name
       }, 1000);
   }

1. Equality Operators:
   • Problem: The == operator performs type coercion, which can lead to unexpected results.
   • Solution: Use the === operator for strict equality checks.

   console.log(0 == '0');  // true
   console.log(0 === '0'); // false

1. Falsy Values:
   • Problem: Understanding what values are considered falsy (false, 0, '', null, undefined, NaN).
   • Solution: Be mindful when checking for truthy or falsy values.

   if (0) {
       console.log('This will not run');
   }

1. Closure Scope:
   • Problem: Loop variables in closures can lead to unexpected behavior.
   • Solution: Use let in loops to ensure block scope.

   for (var i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
       setTimeout(function() {
           console.log(i); // Logs 4, 4, 4
       }, i * 1000);
   }

   // Using let
   for (let i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
       setTimeout(function() {
           console.log(i); // Logs 1, 2, 3
       }, i * 1000);
   }

1. Default Parameters:
   • Problem: Older JavaScript versions don't support default parameters.
   • Solution: Use ES6 default parameters or logical operators.

   function greet(name) {
       name = name || 'Guest';
       console.log('Hello ' + name);
   }

   // ES6 Default parameters
   function greet(name = 'Guest') {
       console.log(`Hello ${name}`);
   }

1. Array Methods:
   • Problem: Confusing map, forEach, filter, reduce.
   • Solution: Understand the purpose and return values of each method.

   const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];

   numbers.forEach(n => console.log(n)); // Logs each number

   const doubled = numbers.map(n => n * 2); // Returns [2, 4, 6, 8]

   const evens = numbers.filter(n => n % 2 === 0); // Returns [2, 4]

   const sum = numbers.reduce((total, n) => total + n, 0); // Returns 10

1. Async/Await:

   • Problem: Misunderstanding how to handle asynchronous code.
   • Solution: Use async and await for cleaner asynchronous code.

   async function fetchData() {
       try {
           const response = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data');
           const data = await response.json();
           console.log(data);
       } catch (error) {
           console.error('Error fetching data', error);
       }
   }
   

Understanding these common pitfalls can help you write more robust and maintainable JavaScript code. If you have any specific scenarios or examples you'd like to delve into, feel free to ask!