The Liskov substitution principle states that any class should be substitutable for its parent class without unexpected consequences. In others words, if the classes Cat and Dog extend the class Animal, then we would expect all of the functionality held within the Animal class to behave normally for a Cat and Dog object.
A classic example of a Liskov substitution violation is the “square & rectangle problem”. In this problem, it is posed that a Square class can inherit from a Rectangle class. On the face of it, this makes sense; both shapes have two sides, and both calculate their area by multiplying their sides by each other.
But the problem arises when we try to utilise some Rectangle functionality on a Square object. Let’s look at an example:
In this example we initialise a Rectangle and Square, and output their dimensions. We then call the Rectangle.setHeight() on the Square object, and output its dimensions again. What we find is that the square now has a different height than its length, which of course makes for an invalid square.
This can be solved, using polymorphism, an if statement in the Rectangle class, or a variety of other methods. But the real cause of the issue is that Square is not a good child class of Rectangle, and that in reality, perhaps both shapes should inherit from a Shape class instead.
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