Rust is a multi-paradigm programming language designed for performance and safety, especially safe concurrency. Rust is syntactically similar to C++, but can guarantee memory safety by using a borrow checker to validate references. Rust achieves memory safety without garbage collection, and reference counting is optional.1
MQTT is a kind of lightweight IoT messaging protocol based on the publish/subscribe model. It can use very little code and bandwidth to provide a real-time reliable message service for networked equipment. Also, it is widely used in the IoT, mobile Internet, smart hardware, IoV, power and energy industries.
This article mainly introduces how to use the paho-mqtt client library in the Rust project, and how to implement connect, subscribe, messaging and unsubscribe, etc., between the client and MQTT broker.
Project Initialization
This project uses Rust 1.44.0 to develop and test, and is managed using the Cargo 1.44.0 package management tool, and the reader can check the current version of Rust using the following command.
~ rustc --version
rustc 1.44.0 (49cae5576 2020-06-01)
Selecting the MQTT Client Library
paho-mqtt is the most versatile and widely used MQTT client in the current Rust. The latest version 0.7.1 supports MQTT v5, 3.1.1, 3.1, and also supports data transfer via standard TCP, SSL / TLS, WebSockets, and QoS support 0, 1, 2, etc.
Initialization Project
Execute the following command to create a new Rust project called mqtt-example.
~ cargo new mqtt-example
Created binary (application) `mqtt-example` package
Edit the Cargo.toml file in the project, and add the address of the paho-mqtt library to the dependencies and specify the binary file corresponding to the subscribe, publish code file.
[dependencies]
paho-mqtt = { git = "https://github.com/eclipse/paho.mqtt.rust.git", branch = "master" }
[[bin]]
name = "sub"
path = "src/sub/main.rs"
[[bin]]
name = "pub"
path = "src/pub/main.rs"
The Use of Rust MQTT
Create A Client Connection
This article will use the free public MQTT broker which is provided by EMQX as the MQTT broker of the test connection. This service is based on EMQX's MQTT IoT cloud platform to create. The server access information is as follows:
- Broker: broker.emqx.io
- TCP Port: 1883
- Websocket Port: 8083
Configure the MQTT Broker Connection Parameters
Configure the MQTT Broker connection address (including the port), the topic (here we have configured two topics), and the client id.
const DFLT_BROKER:&str = "tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883";
const DFLT_CLIENT:&str = "rust_publish";
const DFLT_TOPICS:&[&str] = &["rust/mqtt", "rust/test"];
Write MQTT Connection Code
Write the MQTT connection code, and the connection address can be passed as a command-line argument when executing the binary file to improve the user experience. Usually, we need to create a client and then connect it to broker.emqx.io.
let host = env::args().nth(1).unwrap_or_else(||
DFLT_BROKER.to_string()
);
// Define the set of options for the create.
// Use an ID for a persistent session.
let create_opts = mqtt::CreateOptionsBuilder::new()
.server_uri(host)
.client_id(DFLT_CLIENT.to_string())
.finalize();
// Create a client.
let cli = mqtt::Client::new(create_opts).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
println!("Error creating the client: {:?}", err);
process::exit(1);
});
// Define the set of options for the connection.
let conn_opts = mqtt::ConnectOptionsBuilder::new()
.keep_alive_interval(Duration::from_secs(20))
.clean_session(true)
.finalize();
// Connect and wait for it to complete or fail.
if let Err(e) = cli.connect(conn_opts) {
println!("Unable to connect:\n\t{:?}", e);
process::exit(1);
}
Publish Messages
Here we publish a total of five messages to the two topics rust/mqtt and rust/test, depending on the parity of the loop.
for num in 0..5 {
let content = "Hello world! ".to_string() + &num.to_string();
let mut msg = mqtt::Message::new(DFLT_TOPICS[0], content.clone(), QOS);
if num % 2 == 0 {
println!("Publishing messages on the {:?} topic", DFLT_TOPICS[1]);
msg = mqtt::Message::new(DFLT_TOPICS[1], content.clone(), QOS);
} else {
println!("Publishing messages on the {:?} topic", DFLT_TOPICS[0]);
}
let tok = cli.publish(msg);
if let Err(e) = tok {
println!("Error sending message: {:?}", e);
break;
}
}
Subscribe
Before the client connected, the consumer needs to be initialized. Here we loop processing the queue of messages in the consumer and print out the subscribed topic name and the content of the messages received.
fn subscribe_topics(cli: &mqtt::Client) {
if let Err(e) = cli.subscribe_many(DFLT_TOPICS, DFLT_QOS) {
println!("Error subscribes topics: {:?}", e);
process::exit(1);
}
}
fn main() {
...
// Initialize the consumer before connecting.
let rx = cli.start_consuming();
...
// Subscribe topics.
subscribe_topics(&cli);
println!("Processing requests...");
for msg in rx.iter() {
if let Some(msg) = msg {
println!("{}", msg);
}
else if !cli.is_connected() {
if try_reconnect(&cli) {
println!("Resubscribe topics...");
subscribe_topics(&cli);
} else {
break;
}
}
}
...
}
Complete Code
The Code for Publishing Messages
use std::{
env,
process,
time::Duration
};
extern crate paho_mqtt as mqtt;
const DFLT_BROKER:&str = "tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883";
const DFLT_CLIENT:&str = "rust_publish";
const DFLT_TOPICS:&[&str] = &["rust/mqtt", "rust/test"];
// Define the qos.
const QOS:i32 = 1;
fn main() {
let host = env::args().nth(1).unwrap_or_else(||
DFLT_BROKER.to_string()
);
// Define the set of options for the create.
// Use an ID for a persistent session.
let create_opts = mqtt::CreateOptionsBuilder::new()
.server_uri(host)
.client_id(DFLT_CLIENT.to_string())
.finalize();
// Create a client.
let cli = mqtt::Client::new(create_opts).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
println!("Error creating the client: {:?}", err);
process::exit(1);
});
// Define the set of options for the connection.
let conn_opts = mqtt::ConnectOptionsBuilder::new()
.keep_alive_interval(Duration::from_secs(20))
.clean_session(true)
.finalize();
// Connect and wait for it to complete or fail.
if let Err(e) = cli.connect(conn_opts) {
println!("Unable to connect:\n\t{:?}", e);
process::exit(1);
}
// Create a message and publish it.
// Publish message to 'test' and 'hello' topics.
for num in 0..5 {
let content = "Hello world! ".to_string() + &num.to_string();
let mut msg = mqtt::Message::new(DFLT_TOPICS[0], content.clone(), QOS);
if num % 2 == 0 {
println!("Publishing messages on the {:?} topic", DFLT_TOPICS[1]);
msg = mqtt::Message::new(DFLT_TOPICS[1], content.clone(), QOS);
} else {
println!("Publishing messages on the {:?} topic", DFLT_TOPICS[0]);
}
let tok = cli.publish(msg);
if let Err(e) = tok {
println!("Error sending message: {:?}", e);
break;
}
}
// Disconnect from the broker.
let tok = cli.disconnect(None);
println!("Disconnect from the broker");
tok.unwrap();
}
The Code for Subscribe
To improve the user experience, message subscriptions are disconnected, and topics are re-subscribed after the connection is re-established.
use std::{
env,
process,
thread,
time::Duration
};
extern crate paho_mqtt as mqtt;
const DFLT_BROKER:&str = "tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883";
const DFLT_CLIENT:&str = "rust_subscribe";
const DFLT_TOPICS:&[&str] = &["rust/mqtt", "rust/test"];
// The qos list that match topics above.
const DFLT_QOS:&[i32] = &[0, 1];
// Reconnect to the broker when connection is lost.
fn try_reconnect(cli: &mqtt::Client) -> bool
{
println!("Connection lost. Waiting to retry connection");
for _ in 0..12 {
thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5000));
if cli.reconnect().is_ok() {
println!("Successfully reconnected");
return true;
}
}
println!("Unable to reconnect after several attempts.");
false
}
// Subscribes to multiple topics.
fn subscribe_topics(cli: &mqtt::Client) {
if let Err(e) = cli.subscribe_many(DFLT_TOPICS, DFLT_QOS) {
println!("Error subscribes topics: {:?}", e);
process::exit(1);
}
}
fn main() {
let host = env::args().nth(1).unwrap_or_else(||
DFLT_BROKER.to_string()
);
// Define the set of options for the create.
// Use an ID for a persistent session.
let create_opts = mqtt::CreateOptionsBuilder::new()
.server_uri(host)
.client_id(DFLT_CLIENT.to_string())
.finalize();
// Create a client.
let mut cli = mqtt::Client::new(create_opts).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
println!("Error creating the client: {:?}", err);
process::exit(1);
});
// Initialize the consumer before connecting.
let rx = cli.start_consuming();
// Define the set of options for the connection.
let lwt = mqtt::MessageBuilder::new()
.topic("test")
.payload("Consumer lost connection")
.finalize();
let conn_opts = mqtt::ConnectOptionsBuilder::new()
.keep_alive_interval(Duration::from_secs(20))
.clean_session(false)
.will_message(lwt)
.finalize();
// Connect and wait for it to complete or fail.
if let Err(e) = cli.connect(conn_opts) {
println!("Unable to connect:\n\t{:?}", e);
process::exit(1);
}
// Subscribe topics.
subscribe_topics(&cli);
println!("Processing requests...");
for msg in rx.iter() {
if let Some(msg) = msg {
println!("{}", msg);
}
else if !cli.is_connected() {
if try_reconnect(&cli) {
println!("Resubscribe topics...");
subscribe_topics(&cli);
} else {
break;
}
}
}
// If still connected, then disconnect now.
if cli.is_connected() {
println!("Disconnecting");
cli.unsubscribe_many(DFLT_TOPICS).unwrap();
cli.disconnect(None).unwrap();
}
println!("Exiting");
}
Running and Testing
Compile Binary Files
The following command generates the sub, pub binary file in the mqtt-example/target/debug directory.
cargo build
Message Subscription
Execute the sub binary file and wait for the message to be published.
Message Publishing
Executing the pub binary file, you can see that messages have been published to the topics rust/test and rust/mqtt, respectively.
Meanwhile, the published messages are also visible in the message subscription.
So far, we have completed using the paho-mqtt client to connect to the public MQTT broker, and implemented connection, message publishing and subscription between the test client and MQTT broker.
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