*Memo:
- My post explains a bytes (1).
- My post explains a bytes (2).
- My post explains a bytes (4).
- My post explains bytes().
A bytes can be enlarged with * and a number as shown below:
v = b'ABCDE' * 3
print(v)
# b'ABCDEABCDEABCDE'
v = b'01234' * 3
print(v)
# b'012340123401234'
v = b'' * 3
print(v)
# b''
A bytes object and other bytes objects can be concatenated with + as shown below:
v = b'ABC' + b'DE' + b'FGHI'
print(v)
# b'ABCDEFGHI'
A bytes object and other bytes object cannot return:
- all the bytes in them with
'|'(Union: A ∪ B). - their common bytes with
'&'(Intersection: A ∩ B). - the bytes in the bytes object which aren't in other bytes object with
'-'(Difference: A - B). - the bytes in either the bytes object or other bytes object but not both with
'^'(Symmetric Difference: A Δ B).
v = b'AE' | b'ACE'
# TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'bytes' and 'bytes'
v = b'ABCD' & b'ACE'
# TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for &: 'bytes' and 'bytes'
v = b'ABCD' - b'ACE'
# TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'bytes' and 'bytes'
v = b'ABCD' ^ b'ACE'
# TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for ^: 'bytes' and 'bytes'
A bytes can be iterated with a for statement as shown below:
for v in b'ABC':
print(v)
# 65
# 66
# 67
A bytes can be unpacked with an assignment and for statement, function and * but not with ** as shown below:
v1, v2, v3 = b'ABC'
print(v1, v2, v3)
# 65 66 67
v1, *v2, v3 = b'ABCDEF'
print(v1, v2, v3) # 65 [66, 67, 68, 69] 70
print(v1, *v2, v3) # 65 66 67 68 69 70
for v1, v2, v3 in [b'ABC', b'DEF']:
print(v1, v2, v3)
# 65 66 67
# 68 69 70
for v1, *v2, v3 in [b'ABCDEF', b'GHIJKL']:
print(v1, v2, v3)
print(v1, *v2, v3)
# 65 [66, 67, 68, 69] 70
# 65 66 67 68 69 70
# 71 [72, 73, 74, 75] 76
# 71 72 73 74 75 76
print(*b'ABCD', *b'EF')
# 65 66 67 68 69 70
print([*b'ABCD', *b'EF'])
# [65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70]
def func(p1='a', p2='b', p3='c', p4='d', p5='e', p6='f'):
print(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6)
func()
# a b c d e f
func(*b'ABCD', *b'EF')
# 65 66 67 68 69 70
def func(p1='a', p2='b', *args):
print(p1, p2, args)
print(p1, p2, *args)
print(p1, p2, [0, 1, *args, 2, 3])
func()
# a b ()
# a b Nothing
# a b [0, 1, 2, 3]
func(*b'ABCD', *b'EF')
# 65 66 (67, 68, 69, 70)
# 65 66 67 68 69 70
# 65 66 [0, 1, 67, 68, 69, 70, 2, 3]
Be careful, a big bytes gets OverflowError as shown below:
v = b'ABCDE' * 1000000000
print(v)
# OverflowError: repeated bytes are too long
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