Understanding Procs, Lambdas, and Blocks in Ruby - Part 1: All What?s Answered

I recently started learning ruby as part of my journey to be a full stack developer. I am using rubymonk.com which is a really good source for an absolute beginner. After a few smooth moving lessons and problems, I landed on the Procs and Lambdas section. I had a hard time understanding procs, lambdas, and blocks.

After spending a good amount of time with them, I finally have some clarity on how procs and lambdas work. Now I want to share my knowledge so that others will have an easier time understanding them.

I would like to explain procs and lambdas with two W questions, What? and Why? Let’s start with a few what?’s.

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What are the Blocks?

Before jumping into procs and lambdas, let’s get a clear picture of what blocks are.

A block is a piece of a code that is either enclosed within curly braces {} or a do..end. It is similar to a method but neither belongs to any object nor it has a name. Syntactically {} is used for one-liner blocks and do..end for multi-line blocks. Let’s take a look at the following snippet to see the difference.

  concepts = ['blocks', 'lambdas', 'procs']

  # One liner {} blocks
  concepts.each { |concept| puts "Ruby: #{concept}" }

  # Multi-line do..end blocks
  mastered_concepts = ['blocks', 'procs']

  concepts.each do |concept|
    if mastered_concepts.include?(concept)
      puts "I already mastered #{concept}"
    else
      puts "Yet to learn this #{concept}"
    end
  end

The Implicit Block with its friendly keyword yield

Blocks are also called closures in other languages. Blocks can be passed to a method either implicitly or explicitly. Only one block can be passed to a method.

Implicit blocks are nameless and not necessarily we list them in the method arguments.

  def implicit_block_method
    yield
  end

  implicit_block_method do
    puts "I am an implicit block, also I am nameless!"
  end

Implicit Blocks can be invoked using the keyword yield. They can accept arguments too, if necessary. In other terms, blocks are just an anonymous chunk of code that is passed to a method to perform something.

  def my_skills
    yield "procs"
    yield "blocks"
  end

  my_skills { |skill| puts "I am skilled in Ruby #{skill}" }

One thing to note here is that yield is just a keyword that invokes the block as many times it is used inside a method.

The Explicit Block and its name everything syndrome

Explicit blocks are named and should be included in the arguments list.

The block should be the last argument that a method accepts. Explicit Blocks can be invoked by using the .call method on the block name.

  def explicit_block_method(*argument_list, &block_name)
    block_name.call
  end

  explicit_block_method do
    puts "I am an explicit block, My name is block_name"
  end

An Example with multiple arguments.

  def block_caller_method(normal_argument, &block_as_argument)
    puts "I am #{normal_argument} inside method"
    block_as_argument.call "argument for block"
  end

  block_caller_method("Normal argument") do |argument_for_block|
    puts "Inside block and received #{argument_for_block}"
  end

Does a block return?

Yes, Blocks can return, just like methods. let’s talk about this in code.

  ['ruby', 'javascript', 'python', 'java'].select do |language|
    language.length == 4
  end

  # returns ['ruby', 'java']

Here we are performing Array#select and passing in a block to specify our condition. This will return a new array with languages that have 4 character long names.

Safeguard your method with “block_given?”

Huff!! That’s a lot. There is one last thing we should know about blocks.

What if no block is passed to a method but we are expecting one, Ruby throws an error LocalJumpError if yield is used and NoMethodError if the method call is called on the block.

  def expecting_block
    yield
  end

  expecting_block
  # LocalJumpError (no block given (yield))

  def me_to_expecting_block (&block_name)
    block_name.call
  end

  me_to_expecting_block
  # NoMethodError (undefined method `call' for nil:NilClass)

To fix this we just need to check if the block is given or not, using block_given?.

  def is_block_given
    if block_given?
      yield "Yes"
    else
      puts "I am hurt :-/, I thought you would give me a block!"
    end
  end

  is_block_given { |status| puts "#{status} it is." }
  # Yes it is.

  is_block_given
  # I am hurt :-/, I thought you would give me a block!

---

What are Lambdas?

Now that we have some knowledge on blocks let’s move on to lambdas. Understanding blocks makes understanding lambdas much easier.

Lambda is the eleventh letter in the Greek alphabets…. Whaaaat? Oh, Shoot!! We are not talking about this(λ) lambda. Let’s get to know the lambdas in ruby then.

A Lambda is very similar to a block and is also called an anonymous function. But, unlike blocks lambdas are objects and can be assigned to variables with a special syntax.

We can create lambda by using the keyword lambda or the -> stab operator. The lambdas created with -> stab operator are also called a stabby lambda.

  # lambda block
  lambda = lambda { puts "I am a block declared with lambda" }

  # -> block
  stabby_lambda = -> { puts "Alternate syntax, stabby lambda" }

The Proc class

When we created a lambda you might have observed something weird.

  lambda = lambda { puts "A new lambda has been created." }

  # <Proc:0x00007ff3758d7b68@(irb):54 (lambda)>

The lambda is created as a new instance of the class Proc. Yes, This is fine. Because lambda’s do not have a dedicated class they are part of the class Proc. You can check this by calling the method class on the lambda.

  lambda = lambda { puts "Proc is my class!"}

  lambda.class
  # returns Proc

Proc is the short form for Procedure, We will talk more about procs in the next section. You can happily ignore it for now.

Arguments in lambda

Lambdas also accept arguments, But the syntax for this is dependent on whether you’ve declared the lambda with the lambda keyword or with the -> operator.

  lambda = lambda { |arg| puts "I am lambda #{arg}." }

  stabby_lambda = -> (arg) { puts "I am also lambda #{arg}." }

  lambda.call "Argument"
  # I am lambda Argument.

  stabby_lambda.call "Argument"
  # I am also lambda Argument.

Lambdas can also be called in multiple ways.

  lambda = lambda { |name| puts "Hello #{name}!" }

  lambda.call "Ruby"
  lambda.("Ruby")
  lambda["Ruby"]
  lambda.=== "Ruby"

  # all of them prints the same, "Hello Ruby!"

Lambda in action

Lambdas can be stored in a variable and can be passed to any method as an argument.

  double_it = -> (num) { num * 2}

  [1,2,3,4,5].map(&double_it)
  # returns [2,4,6,8,10]

Did you notice the &(ampersand) symbol appended to double_it?. That’s a short form for calling the methodto_proc on the variable we stored. Also, & is the one responsible for converting a lambda / proc to block. Usually, Array#map expects a block, not a lambda / proc.

&double_it is equivalent to double_it.to_proc.call

That’s all we need to know about lambdas for now. Let’s move on to procs.

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What are Procs?

Proc, the shorthand for Procedure, is a very similar concept to lambdas. Lambdas are a subpart of Procs. As we have already seen, the class for lambda is a Proc. Like lambdas, Procs are objects of ruby Proc class. Though lambdas and procs are similar, they also have their differences. But we will get to that in a bit.

We can create a proc with a new instance of the Proc class Proc.new or with the keyword proc which is again the same as Proc.new and is just syntactical sugar. Let's create some procs…

  # Proc.new block
  proc = Proc.new { puts "I am proc, New instance of Proc class." }

  # proc block
  new_proc = **proc** { puts "I am a proc with keyword!" }

Calling procs and passing them arguments is very similar to lambdas, so I am not going to spend a whole lot of time on it. We should say lambdas are similar to procs. Just call the method class on lambda and proc and it answers everything. Both returns Proc.

  lambda = -> {}
  proc = proc {}

  lambda.class
  proc.class

  # both returns Proc

Also to show that lambdas and procs are objects, call superclass method on the class Proc . It returns Object.

  Proc.superclass

  # returns Object

Procs vs Lambdas

There are a couple of important differences between procs and lambdas specifically Arguments Handling and Return statement behavior.

Arguments Handling, We have a very strict officer here. Guess Who? Yeah, you guessed it right. It’s officer Lambda.

Lambdas throw an exception (ArgumentError) when an incorrect number of arguments are passed.

  lambda = -> (arg1, arg2) { puts "I am strict, #{arg1} and #{arg2}" }
  lambda.call("Tough")

  # ArgumentError (wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2))

While Procs aren’t worried about them at all. If an extra argument is passed procs will ignore it. If fewer than expected arguments are passed procs will replace all the missed ones with nil.

  proc = proc { |arg| puts "I am too lazy to care about #{arg}" }
  proc.call

  # I am too lazy to care about

Though procs don’t throw an exception for the number of arguments, other cases could raise exceptions. For example:

  addition = proc { |num1, num2| num1+num2 }

  # passing only 1 argument
  addition.call(1)
  # TypeError (nil can't be coerced into Integer)

  # passing no arguments
  addition.call
  # NoMethodError (undefined method `+' for nil:NilClass)

Here, proc is not worried about arguments and replaces the missed one with nil. Programmatically nil can’t be added to Integer. So, we get a TypeError or NoMethodError as above.

Just to be on the safer side, always set default values to arguments. If default values cannot be set make sure to pass the required number of arguments or have error handling blocks.

  addition = proc { |num1=0, num2=0| num1+num2 }

  addition.call
  # returns 0

  addition.call(2)
  # returns 2

Return statement Behavior, lambdas, and procs behave in a very different manner when comes to return statements.

Lambdas will return from the executing block/lambda and the further execution will continue as usual.

  def return_from_lambda
    lambda = lambda { **return** "I will just return from lambda!" }

    puts "I will execute, before lambda return!"
    puts "#{lambda.call}"
    puts "I too will execute, after lambda return!"
  end

  return_from_lambda

  # I will execute, before lambda return!
  # I will just return from lambda!
  # I too will execute, after lambda return!

While procs will return from the currently executing context/method.

  def proc_return_method
    proc = proc { **return** "I will return the method!" }

    puts "I will execute, before proc return."
    proc.call
    puts "I will never execute, after proc return!"
  end

  proc_return_method

  # prints "I will execute, before proc return!"
  # returns "I will return the method!"

There is one thing that we must know while handling returns with proc. As I mentioned proc will return from the method. If we just create a proc and call it without any context ruby raises a LocalJumpError as there is nothing to Jump back after returning from the current context.

  error_proc = proc { return "I will raise exception" }
  error_proc.call

  # LocalJumpError (unexpected return)

Aaannnddddd!!! We are done.

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In Nutshell

Blocks

• Block is a piece of code enclosed between {} or do..end.

• Block neither belongs to any object nor it has a name.

• Blocks can return just like methods.

Lambdas

• Lambdas are objects, unlike blocks. Also, lambdas have a name and can be assigned to a variable for later use.

• Lambda can be created either with the lambda keyword or with the -> stab operator.

• Lambdas are strict in terms of arguments.

• Lambdas are a part of the Proc class.

• Lambda returns from current lambda/block.

Procs

• Procs are also objects and have a name.

• Proc can be created by Proc.new or with keyword proc.

• Procs aren’t worried about the number of arguments passed.

• Proc returns from a method/current context.

• Blocks, Lambdas, and Procs are all Closures.

Well well, well!!! We made it! Now we have answers to most whats on Procs, Lambdas, and Blocks.

In the next part of this article, I will talk about next W “why?” with a few examples demonstrating why we need procs and lambdas in the first place.

I am a beginner to ruby, so please let me know if I have missed or misunderstood something above. I look forward to your suggestions and feedback in the comments section below.

I hope this article helped you understand procs, lambdas and blocks better.

Thank you for reading this post, This is Sai Krishna Prasad, a self-taught and passionate web developer. Signing off Bubye….. until next time.