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Siddhartha Roy
Siddhartha Roy

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A complete beginner friendly Python Flask tutorial 🐍. Learn from basic template rendering to deploying in web servers.

#webdev #python #beginners #tutorial

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A complete Flask tutorial for beginners

I made this tutorial to help and teach my students to make awesome dynamic websites using Flask. The Flask is an API of Python that allows us to build up web-applications. It was developed by Armin Ronacher. Its Modern and very expressive, I learned it because it's just super useful and also allows me to write less code.

I tried to remove the extra topics of Flask and made this beginner friendly as possible. So let's get started with the installation and then get an overview with the Quickstart. This Tutorial will show how to create a small but complete application with Flask.

Best of luck to you!

logo

Table of Content

Required:

  • A little experience with coding in python (variables, loops, methods/functions, etc)
  • Patience
  • Time

Note this is a tutorial for Backend Development, not Frontend Development. Large software companies like Google, Amazon,
Facebook and Microsoft view Backend Developers as different from Frontend Developers. Yet, in order to become a good programmer one need to understand the concepts of both.

Docs

Flask Docs

Jinja Docs

Why to choose Flask

Flask's framework is more explicit than Django's framework and is also easier to learn because it has less base code to implement a simple web-Application.
List of companies using Flask framework - who is using Flask?

Companies using Flask

Quickstart

Installation

pip install flask

Minimal app

Code Here ⚙️

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route("/")
def hello_world():
    return "<p>Hello, World!</p>"

if __name__=="__main__":
    app.run()
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So what did that code do?

  1. First we imported the Flask class. An instance of this class will be our WSGI application.

  2. Next we create an instance of this class. The first argument is the name of the application’s module or package. name is a convenient shortcut for this that is appropriate for most cases. This is needed so that Flask knows where to look for resources such as templates and static files.

  3. We then use the route() decorator to tell Flask what URL should trigger our function.

  4. The function returns the message we want to display in the user’s browser. The default content type is HTML, so HTML in the string will be rendered by the browser.

Debug Mode

Code Here ⚙️

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route("/")
def hello_world():
    return "<p>Hello, World!</p>"

# debud mode running on 8000 port
if __name__=="__main__":
    app.run(debug=True, port=8000)
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The flask run command can do more than just start the development server. By enabling debug mode, the server will automatically reload if code changes, and will show an interactive debugger in the browser if an error occurs during a request.

Warning ⚠️
The debugger allows executing arbitrary Python code from the browser. It is protected by a pin, but still represents a major security risk. Do not run the development server or debugger in a production environment.

Routing

Code Here ⚙️

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def index():
    return 'This is Index Page'

@app.route('/login')
def login():
    return 'This is Login Page'

@app.route('/hello')
def hello():
    return 'Hello, World'

if __name__=="__main__":
    app.run(debug=True)
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Modern web applications use meaningful URLs to help users. Users are more likely to like a page and come back if the page uses a meaningful URL they can remember and use to directly visit a page.

Use the route() decorator to bind a function to a URL.

Rendering Templates

Code Here ⚙️

from flask import Flask, render_template

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route("/")
def index():
    return render_template('index.html')

@app.route("/")
def about():
    return render_template('about.html')

if __name__=="__main__":
    app.run()
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In flask, html file are served from the 'templates' folder by default and all the static file; images, css, js, etc are served from the 'static' folder.

These folders should be present in the root directory of your python application

structure

URL Variables

Code Here ⚙️


from flask import Flask, render_template

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def index():
    return render_template('index.html')

# string
@app.route('/string/<string:value>')
def string(value):
    return f"<p>Hi this is a string value {value}</p>"

# int
@app.route('/int/<int:value>')
def int(value):
    return f"<p>Hi this is a int value {value}</p>"

# float
@app.route('/float/<float:value>')
def float(value):
    return f"<p>Hi this is a float value {value}</p>"

# path
@app.route('/path/<path:value>')
def path(value):
    return f"<p>Hi this is a path value {value}</p>"

# uuid
@app.route('/uuid/<uuid:value>')
def uuid(value):
    return f"<p>Hi this is a uuid value {value}</p>"



if __name__=="__main__":
    app.run(debug=True)
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You can add variable sections to a URL by marking sections with <variable_name>. Your function then receives the <variable_name> as a keyword argument. Optionally, you can use a converter to specify the type of the argument like converter:variable_name.

Type Value Use
string (default) accepts any text without a slash string:value
int accepts positive integers int:value
float accepts positive floating point values float:value
path like string but also accepts slashes path:value
uuid accepts UUID strings uuid:value

Redirection

Code Here ⚙️

from flask import Flask, render_template, request
from werkzeug.utils import redirect

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/', methods = ['GET', 'POST'])
def home():
    if request.method == 'POST':
        name = request.form.get('name')
        age = request.form.get('age')
        return redirect(f'/result/{name}/{age}')
    return render_template('home.html')

@app.route('/about')
def about():
    return "This is about"

@app.route('/result/<name>/<age>')
def result(name, age):
    return render_template('result.html', name=name, age=age)

app.run()
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The canonical URL for the projects endpoint has a trailing slash. It’s similar to a folder in a file system. If you access the URL without a trailing slash (/about), Flask redirects you to the canonical URL with the trailing slash (/about/).

Message Flashing

Code Here ⚙️

from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request, url_for

app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = b'_5#y2L"F4Q8z\n\xec]/'

@app.route('/')
def index():
    return render_template('index.html')

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    error = None
    if request.method == 'POST':
        if request.form['username'] != 'admin' or request.form['password'] != 'secret':
            error = 'Invalid credentials'
        else:
            flash('You were successfully logged in')
            return redirect('/')
    return render_template('login.html', error=error)



if __name__=="__main__":
    app.run(debug=True)
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Good applications and user interfaces are all about feedback. If the user does not get enough feedback they will probably end up hating the application. Flask provides a really simple way to give feedback to a user with the flashing system. The flashing system basically makes it possible to record a message at the end of a request and access it next request and only next request. This is usually combined with a layout template that does this. Note that browsers and sometimes web servers enforce a limit on cookie sizes. This means that flashing messages that are too large for session cookies causes message flashing to fail silently.

Top comments (11)

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behainguyen profile image
Be Hai Nguyen •

Hi, great article. Thank you.

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daveyramudu profile image
DaveyRamudu •

How can I use flask to add two numbers and display the results?

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sid86dev profile image
Siddhartha Roy •

Check this out: github.com/sid86-dev/flask-tutoria...

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daveyramudu profile image
DaveyRamudu •

Hi, Am struggling to insert an image on html for the web page with the use of flask.... I keep getting errors...

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daveyramudu profile image
DaveyRamudu •

Please help

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sid86dev profile image
Siddhartha Roy • • Edited

In flask, html file are served from the 'templates' folder by default and all the static file; images, css, js, etc are served from the 'static' folder. Make a static folder in a root directory and just link the images in the html correctly, it will surely work!

Check here for reference: github.com/sid86-dev/flask-tutoria...

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daveyramudu profile image
DaveyRamudu •

Thanks

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daveyramudu profile image
DaveyRamudu •

Thank you

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michaelcurrin profile image
Michael Currin •

Thanks

Two improvements to fix

Fask Docs

Url -> URL

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sid86dev profile image
Siddhartha Roy •

seems a typo*, Thanks

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sid86dev profile image
Siddhartha Roy •

Learn More: github.com/sid86-dev/flask-tutorial

View full discussion (11 comments)

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